Ways to Use Wireless to Operate Buildings Better

1
Ways to Use Wireless to Operate Buildings Better

• CBEEdward Arens, Cliff Federspiel, David
  Auslander,Therese Peffer, Charlie Huizenga
• BWRC
• Paul Wright, Jan Rabaey,
• BSAC
• Richard White
• Berkeley Intel Lab
• David Culler

2
Building Systems and Their Monitoring Needs

• Current situation
• Insufficient number of environmental sensors
  (1/1000sf)
• Ineffective placement of sensors (limited by
  wires)
• Monthly lump-sum electricity/gas bills
• Occupants have little information, insight, or
  influence over their building environment

Building
Lighting, temperature, sound, air quality
Occupancy, comfort, productivity
Electricity, gas, water, weather
Energy
People
3
Zone temperature sensor
Solar radiation sensor
Individual recognize sensor
Sensing and Actuation Opportunities
Physiology sensor
Survey of occupant reaction
Anemometer
Provide information
CO2 sensor
Message to occupants
Suggest action
Shading
Individual comfort model
Human productivity model
Window
Human schedule
Adjust position
Blinds
Occupancy model
Decisions
Total power consumption model
Control devices
Door sensor
Start on/off
AC
Vent
Building thermal model
Lighting model
Plug load model
HVAC system model
Setpoint reset
Sound sensor
Refriger
Shut down
Motion sensor
Lights
Computer
HVAC condition
Plug power measurement
Window status sensor
Structure temperature sensor
Zone light sensor
Office device
Pressure around building
Fuel/electric price
Daylight illumination
Weather condition
Weather condition
4
Perspective in a Perimeter Zone

• Sensing, intelligence, actuation
• Detect ambient conditions, solar radiation, wind
  pressure, natural light, perspiration,
  occupancy,
• Trade-off energy, thermal comfort, and visual
  need,
• Appropriate adjustments are made at vav valve,
  light dimmer, reflective vanes,

VAV actuator
Climate
sensor
Light ballast
BACnet
Occupancy
sensor
Reflective
Comfort stat
Base station
vane
actuator
Window
switch
Desk climate sensor
5
Prototype wireless lighting control system

• Motivation
• Lighting accounts for 50 of commercial building
  electricity consumption
• Switching is often inadequate and inflexible and
  results in significant energy waste
• One switch may control the lights for many
  occupants
• Switches are often not conveniently located
• Ownership of switches is unclear
• Switching often does not work well with daylight
  patterns

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Objective

• Develop a lighting control system that is
• Highly flexible
• Wireless
• Cost effective

• There are many wireless systems in development
  and in the marketplace. Whats different about
  our approach?
• Does not require special ballasts
• Will work for new or retrofit applications
• Is easily reprogrammed by the user
• Will have a low installation cost per
  switch/fixture (20 target)

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System Overview
Wireless controller
Light sensor
Desktop, mobile, or wall mounted switch
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System components
Radio motes
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Control flexibility

• Switches can be operated by either a local switch
  or through a central control system

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Lighting Groups
Perimeter Daylight Group
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Lighting Groups
Emergency Group
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Lighting Groups
Jethros Workspace
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Lighting Groups
Madonnas Workspace
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Control strategies

• More creative strategies are possible than with a
  simple switch
• Lights on/off
• Lights needed/not needed
• Minimum light level
• Emergency lights on
• Non-critical lights off

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Progress

• Prototype design
• 2 prototypes built

16
Residential Demand Response Project

• Objectives
• To respond to dynamic electricity pricing, we
  need
• A meter that records time-of-use, as well as use.
• A system that can automatically operate HVAC and
  other equipment in response to price signals.
• An interface that accurately obtains the
  occupants preferences between price and comfort.
  
• Information devices that help the occupant
  respond intelligently.
• Sensors and actuators that can be easily
  installed, (ie, wireless).
• To be a breakthrough, this system must be
  inexpensive
• 50 for meter, 30 for thermostat, 10 for sensor
  nodes.
• It must also last at least 10 years without
  battery changes.

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Demand-response system
Outdoor
Outdoor
Sensors
Sensors
Power
Power
Indoor
Indoor
Sensors
Sensors
Wattmeters
,
Switches,
Action
-
suggesting
Existing
Existing
alerts and displays
Meter
Meter
(Links by Internet or
(Links by Internet or
(two alternatives)
wireless services to)
wireless services to)
Sun control blinds,
Lighting dimmers
Electrical Utility
Electrical Utility
Appliances
Grid Operator
Grid Operator
Weather Service
Weather Service
Refrigerator
Panel
Panel
Base
Base
User
User
Station
Station
Price schedules in,
Price schedules in,
Interface
Interface
(
Wi
-
Fi
or
(
Wi
-
Fi
or
Electric usage out
Electric usage out
TinyOS
)
TinyOS
)
Heating System
Heating System
DSL, Cable, Cell
-
phone
DSL, Cable, Cell
-
phone
Home
Home
Air Conditioner
Smart Ventilator
Air Conditioner
text messaging, or WAN
text messaging, or WAN
Server
Server
radio system
radio system
Hot Water Heater
Hot Water Heater
Pool Pump
Pool Pump
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Demonstration Sept. 30

• Attendees
• California Energy Comm.
• Commissioner Rosenfeld and staff
• PIER staff
• TAC members
• CIEE

• List of demos
• DR System
• Framework
• Physical model
• User interface
• Energy Scavenging
• Light and vibration
• Power on/off motes
• Device prototyping
• Thermostat
• Price-signalling mote

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Wattmeters and wireless relays
(By Richard Whites group at BSAC)
MEMS cantilever with piezoelectric film
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DR System simulation and control
DR system simulated in Java code, including
House thermal behavior. DR control
algorithms. Wireless network communications. Will
control the model house via the wireless motes.
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Smart Thermostat Control Levels
External Communication
Realtime pricing from Utility via meter
Operator
Weather forecast (WWW)

• Operator presets typical setback Temperature
  setpoints
• Operator presets Demand Response temperature
  setpoints (amount of temperature discomfort
  acceptable based on price).
• Operator maintains manual override.

LOW
MED
HIGH

• Wireless motes
• Scavenged power
• Tiny OS

Goal Seeking
Energy cost vs.thermal comfort and power need
Supervisory Control
Power consumption vs. price
Thermal comfort vs. price

• Typical energy saving setback Temperature
  setpoints
• Demand Response Temperature Setpoints (based on
  price)
• Temperature Setpoints based on adaptive model
• Preheat or precool based on advance notice of
  price increase
• Expert system optimize cooling or heating (temp
  sensors, weather forecast)
• Manual override
• Shut off

• Auto control of water heater, refrigerator, pool
  equipment depending on price
• Send notice to motes on stove, washer, dryer,
  dishwasher (current price and upcoming price)

Coordination
Heat or cool
Use economizer fan or ac
Power to which appliance
What, how, when
Appliance power sensors
Direct Control
On/off
On/off high/med/low
On/off
On/off
On/off
On/off
Appliance power sensors
Interface
Mote interface (radio to hub)
AC control (wired)
Fan/economizer control (wired)
Heater control (wired)
Traffic light on appliance
Smart advice text

• Wireless power sensor
• Wireless relay at outlet

Computer

• Wireless motes/tiny OS
• Scavenged power

Sensor/ Actuator
LR Temp mote
BR Temp mote
Ext Temp mote
Wireless relay
Temp mote in Ref
Sensor on window or blind
Power sensor
Wireless relay
Wireless relay
Operator actuated
Operator actuated
Power sensor
Power sensor
Power sensor
Physical Target
Living Room
Bed room
Pool equipment
Water heater
Refrigerator
Stove, Washer, Dryer, Dishwasher Blow dryer
Window/blind
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Thermostat simulation and prototyping
Working,interactive thermostat simulated on PC
screen
Thermostat and signalling motes fabricated using
rapid prototyping
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Energy usage screen
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Obtaining user preferences
We are examining various versions of
interfacethe challenge is to balance energy cost
and comfort.