CS3205, HCI in Software Development

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CS3205, HCI in Software Development

• Course Introduction
• Spring 2013

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There must be a problem because
SIS
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Whats the Course About?

• In one sentence
• Human-computer interaction (HCI) and
  user-centered design in the context of SW
  engineering
• Note the target audience
• Students who may be involved in SW development
• HCI is important to others HW designers and
  engineers, Web designers, psychologists, etc.
• But CS3205 targets SW development

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What is HCI?

• More soon
• Human-Computer interface
• Where people meet or come together with
  machines or computer-based systems
• Physical interface (e.g. buttons, screens, menus,
  etc.)
• Logical interface
• The model a system presents a user
• Set of tasks available and how theyre organized

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From the SIGCHI Website

• HCI is
• An inter-disciplinary discipline (engineering,
  CS, psychology, graphic design, ergonomics, etc.)
• Concerned with design, evaluation, and
  implementation
• Addresses peoples needs, capabilities,
  limitations

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SIGCHI curriculum definition site

• Human-computer interaction is a discipline
  concerned with the design, evaluation and
  implementation of interactive computing systems
  for human use and with the study of major
  phenomena surrounding them.

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What is an interface?

• ?

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What is the User Interface?

• Is it the screen layout?
• Is it the documentation?
• Is it the interaction devices and techniques?
• Is it what the application does?
• Is it the help system?
• Is it the code?

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Evolution of HCI interfaces

• 50s - Interface at the hardware level for
  engineers - switch panels
• 60-70s - interface at the programming level -
  COBOL, FORTRAN
• 70-90s - Interface at the terminal level -
  command languages
• 80s - Interface at the interaction dialogue level
  - GUIs, multimedia
• 90s - Interface at the work setting - networked
  systems, groupware
• 00s - Interface becomes pervasive
• RF tags, Bluetooth technology, mobile devices,
  consumer electronics, interactive screens,
  embedded technology, information appliances
• Late 00s computing becomes more ubiquitous
• Internet use becomes the norm
• Web applications become richer. The Cloud.
• Mobile devices like smartphones tablets become
  mainstream

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User Execute Tasks, Interpret Information or
Results

• HCI is at the interface between a human and a
  computer performing a task
• Task - write document, calculate budget, filter
  email, register for course, find best route, ...
• Task might be work, play, learning,
  communicating, etc etc
• Essential user activities
• Express task (execution)
• Interpret results (evaluation)
• Not just on the desktop! (How many computers in
  your family home, including the garage?)

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HCI Wide Range of Concerns

• Make an interactive system be useful for a task,
  and support that task effectively
• Easy to use, easy to learn, avoid errors
• Must understand users, understand users tasks
• Create a usable logical interface
• A users conceptual model of the system
• Overall design of how we interact
• Physical and low-level design
• Physical interface buttons, keys, screens
• SW interface menus, screens, colors
• Evaluating usability
• During development, after completion

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High-level Terms

• HCI, CHI
• Usability
• User-centered Design
• An approach to design (SW, Web, other) that
  involves the user a great deal, in many phases
• Interaction Design (ID)
• Something different than HCI? Maybe.
• Our current textbook is an ID text

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Usability

• A definition from ISO standard 9241
• The extent to which a product can be used by
  specified users to achieve specified goals with
  effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a
  specified context of use.
• Effectiveness
• accuracy and completeness in achieving goals
• Efficiency
• resources expended
• Satisfaction
• comfort, acceptability (happiness, pleasure)

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Discussion

• Effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction
• Are all of these equally important?
• All the time?

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What is User-Centered Design?

• An approach to UI development and system
  development.
• Focuses on understanding
• Users, and
• Their goals and tasks, and
• The environment (physical, organizational,
  social)
• Pay attention to these throughout development

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ISO on User-centered Design

• ISO 13407 describes human-centered design
  processes for interactive systems
• Principles of human-centered design
• Active involvement of users
• Appropriate allocation of function between user
  and system
• Iteration of design solutions
• Multidisciplinary design teams

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ISO on User-centered Design (2)

• Essential activities in human-centered design
• Understand and specify the context of use
• Specify the user and organizational requirements
• Produce design solutions (prototypes)
• Evaluate designs with users against requirements

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Are You Experienced? (in UC Design, I mean)

• Think about a significantly complex software
  project youve been involved in
• Work, research, CS3240, etc.
• Did it seem like an example of user-centered
  design?
• How did it, or how did it not?

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What is interaction design?

• Designing interactive products to support people
  in their everyday and working lives
• Sharp, Rogers and Preece (2002)
• The design of spaces for human communication and
  interaction
• Winograd (1997)

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Goals of interaction design

• Develop usable products
• Usability means easy to learn, effective to use
  and provide an enjoyable experience
• Involve users in the design process

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Unclear about what ID is?

• Not surprising!
• Well read
• What is Interaction Design and What Does It Mean
  to Information Designers? by Craig Marion
• http//www.chesco.com/cmarion/PCD/WhatIsInteracti
  onDesign.html
• and
• From Computing Machinery to Interaction Design by
  Terry Winograd
• http//hci.stanford.edu/7Ewinograd/acm97.html

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From HCI to Interaction Design

• Human-computer interaction (HCI) isconcerned
  with the design, evaluation and implementation of
  interactive computing systems for human use and
  with the study of major phenomena surrounding
  them (ACM SIGCHI, 1992, p.6)
• Interaction design (ID) is the design of
  spaces for human communication and interaction
  (Winograd, 1997)
• One distinction more application areas, more
  technologies and more issues to consider when
  designing interfaces

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Relationship between ID, HCI and other fields
Academic disciplines (e.g. computer
science, psychology)
Design practices (e.g. graphic design)
Interaction Design
Interdisciplinary fields (e.g HCI, CSCW)
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Relationship between ID, HCI and other fields

• Academic disciplines contributing to ID
• Psychology
• Social Sciences
• Computing Sciences
• Engineering
• Ergonomics
• Informatics

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Relationship between ID, HCI and other fields

• Design practices contributing to ID
• Graphic design
• Product design
• Artist-design
• Industrial design
• Film industry

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Relationship between ID, HCI and other fields

• Interdisciplinary fields that do interaction
  design
• HCI
• Human Factors
• Cognitive Engineering
• Cognitive Ergonomics
• Computer Supported Co-operative Work
• Information Systems

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What do professionals do in the HCI or ID
business?

• interaction designers - ??
• usability engineers - ??
• web designers (we know this one!)
• information architects - ??
• user experience designers - ??

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What do professionals do in the HCI or ID
business?

• interaction designers - people involved in the
  design of all the interactive aspects of a
  product
• usability engineers - people who focus on
  evaluating products, using usability methods and
  principles
• web designers - people who develop and create the
  visual design of websites, such as layouts
• information architects - people who come up with
  ideas of how to plan and structure interactive
  products
• user experience designers - people who do all the
  above but who may also carry out field studies to
  inform the design of products

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Reminder What is involved in the process of
UC/ID design

• Identify needs and establish requirements
• Functionality, goals, tasks
• Develop alternative designs
• Build interactive prototypes that can be
  communicated and assessed
• test, refine, iterate
• Evaluate what is being built throughout the
  process(This is what youll do this semester!)

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Rules about Developing for Users

• Rule 1 All users are not like you.
• Rule 2 All users are not alike.
• Consider
• Physical cognitive abilities special needs
• Personality culture
• Knowledge skills
• Motivation

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Class Activity

• Think-Pair-Share
• Pairs write down differences
• Pairs merge results
• Instructor calls on pairs to share answers
• Question
• Think about a hard-to-use software product (or
  computer-based system).
• In what way does it have poor usability?
• General problems
• Specific examples

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Bad Interfaces, Spring 2013
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Bad Interfaces, Spring 2013
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Bad Interfaces, Spring 2013
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Bad Interfaces, Spring 2013
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Bad Interfaces, Summer 2012

• Collab scroll bars in scrollbars
• SIS not intuitive, steep learning curve, hard to
  find where things are, timeout, SB in SB, cant
  use back button, some tasks req. gt1 window
• Photoshop very hard for novice, buttons not
  intuitive (what do they represent), easy to mess
  up selecting pixels/colors
• Mathcad not intuitive, too much info, user not
  directed to whats needed. Not clear what icons do

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Bad Interfaces, Summer 2012

• Word has unnecesary commands, too many buttons,
  cant control indentation, corrects when you
  dont want it to, format of pasted text doesnt
  match doc
• Blender (image/graphics app) not intuitive, hard
  to figure out what you want to do, how to do it
• Sony alarm clock setting time,
  network/GPS/something, time off by 5 minutes

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Bad Interfaces, Summer 2012

• Blackberry slow to respond
• Android phone slow, IMs delayed, easy to hit
  buttons on screen
• Emacs hard to switch windows, scroll too far
  problem

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Bad Interfaces, Spring 2012

• Windows Mobile 6.1
• Small buttons, inaccurate key presses
• Made for stylus (not used often)
• Remotes for DirectTV, Satelite
• Too many buttons
• Needs shortcuts for frequents
• All first person shooters
• Motion sicknesss
• Standalone GPS devices
• Onscreen keyboards dont match conventions
• Too many clicks to do a task

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Bad Interfaces, Spring 2012

• Playstations DVD functionality
• Using controller (w/o remote), wrong button sends
  you out of DVD mode, back to main
• Googles multiple account signin
• Cant see all of them, use temp account
• Doesnt show all information. Limited.
• Virtual Box
• Hard to share files between host and guest
• Facebook newsfeed auto update
• Frequent updates move you back to top (even when
  scrolling)

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Bad Interfaces, Spring 2012

• Web interfaces with long list of data
• Need to click through all pages to find something
• Smartphone keyboards
• Qwerty may not be best, button size,
  autocorrection
• Link in facebook app doesnt take you to specific
  link but to top-level page
• Cant like a specific comment.
• Entering text with a game controller or without a
  keyboard

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Bad Interfaces, Spring 2011

• SMOK
• Hard to learn. Cant always right- or left-click
• Scroll disabled depending on Zoom level
• Canvas wont resize.
• Looks cluttered.
• Lines dont move with objects when you move them.
• IBCM (web-based version)
• Freezes if stuck in a loop. Must restart browser
  (not in Chrome)

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• Voice mail or audio-based systems
• Not visual. Slower to navigate.
• UVa registrar listen to long set of options. Not
  able to skip if you know what to do
• Not clear / visible what commands are
• Voice recognition helps, but pronouncing
  international names is hard for many
• Facebook app for Blackberry
• Scroll down through notifications, but must
  scroll all the way back to top
• Look at photos from the beginnning (always)
• To scroll up in message, must go to the bottom
  and then scroll up
• Etc. etc. etc.

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• World of Warcraft
• Abilities on action bars that cover bottom and
  right side of screen. Must scroll quickly
• Health info in two different places
• Must look in many places to be efficient
• No effective key mapping
• Emacs
• Hard to learn key-strokes
• Relies on key-strokes, not visual
• Interaction between undo and redo

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• Word 2008 (Mac)
• Unstable, location/use of toolbars
• Adobe CS Suite
• Undo in photoshop is just a toggle
• Others more like undo/redo
• Unstable
• Blender (3D animation modeling)
• Steep learning curving
• Not like any others. Learning others doesnt
  help. Tries to be different.
• Too many options, windows, hotkeys

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• SIS
• One window at a time. Info distribted across
  multipe winodws
• Nested scrollable windows
• Time out is irritating
• Too many clicks to do simple tasks
• To search, must choose dept from drop-down and
  there are a LOT of departments
• Cant enroll in class from search windown
• Cant go on waitlist from search window
• To change, sometimes must drop
• Edit may work. Bad name. Swap not what you want.

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• SIS (page 2 of ?)
• Left-hand side useless info. Better if it showed
  where you are in interface, supported quicker
  navigation
• Transcript request fails (if downloads, doesnt
  make it clear it)
• Missing ability to see how one of multi sections
  fits your schedule

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• iMovie
• 2006 version than later versions
• More intuitive
• More restrictive

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Bad Interfaces, Spr 08

• SMOK
• Zooming hard, not intuitive
• Do it too much, overlap, too much scrolling
• Sometimes right-click, other times do something
  else
• Some commands buried
• Default when adding component bad, things
  overlap,
• Things you need to find not labeled well
• Too much zooming, search to find things
• Add tings and file is lost
• Components/things easily deleted by mistake
• Failed to always load file correctly
• Demands advance planning, otherwise hard to
  change things later
• Hard to distinguish arrows between components
  where there are many

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Excel

• Copy and paste from Word puts stuff in just one
  cell
• Hard to change details in graphs
• Wizard great, but hard to see how to customize
• 2D graphs
• Print formatting
• Steep learning curve
• Hard for beginners needing advanced features
• Click on cell, selects all, and you may delete it
  when you mean to edit it
• Formulas hard to follow which cells are
  referenced
• Floating point accuracy

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Fake iPod

• Different buttons are used to select at different
  times
• Mistake takes you back to beginning instead of
  back one
• Cant define order of songs when playing

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ISIS

• Type in year/semester use odd format
• Could default to logical semester
• Doesnt have all info in it to be good
• Need COD which isnt there
• Waitlist isnt well integrated
• Availability closed at certain times (?)
• Cant press enter to login in, must click
• Also, tab order isnt logical
• Must return back to main menu always, even when
  theres a logical other window you want to do
• Cant use Backspace/Back to go back
• Close window causes it to chide you
• Audit have this request/wait/return option
• Seems unfriendly, unresponsive
• Timer period too short since you have to use gt1
  system
• Refresh -- F5 logs you out

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Examples of non-usable systems

• Krogers self-checkout
• Use of the scale is confusing, not enough room
  for stuff
• Slow scanners, not as efficient as youd hope
• Slow to scan/place/wait, so takes longer
• Default fix is get cashier, no other
  suggestions
• Poor error recovery
• Why cant I swipe student ID? Didnt check if
  you were a student once
• Ableton-Live or similar recording/audio software
• doesnt look like standard Windows program, so
  hard to find GUI controls
• might look cool but makes it less efficient

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• Games that used keyboard commands only and used
  card-board cut-out
• Chem151 HW checker program
• Cant backtrack in the steps you have to do
• Crashes a lot
• Didnt accept numeric answers missing x.0
• No feedback on why
• UVas Webmail
• Ugly to look at, not pleasing
• hard to keep mail organized in folders
• Must explicitly copy and move
• Slow
• Useless spam filter
• Must log into webmail/toolkit even when youve
  logged into a machine
• Filters out mail headers / not clear you can
  control this
• Indents messages in a thread, but if too deep you
  dont see enough of the message

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• Mathcad
• hard to learn at first
• hard to keep track of variable / whole thing
  fails because of one small error / not good at
  explaining source of errors
• use of arrow-keys vs. space-bar to move things in
  an equation
• expected arrow keys to work
• 4 different versions of the equals-sign / hard
  to distinguish on the screen
• new version cant read files from other versions
• hard to remember after not using it for a while
  (lots of tricks needed, hard to remember)

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• ISIS
• pops up a window, pop-up blocker problems
• cant use browsers back button
• gives course instructor number instead of name
• must enter schedule-number instead of clicking on
  course ID and number
• Must use semester as a code, and if you get this
  wrong its confusing whats wrong
• Interface has pictures/images for links, not the
  conventional under-lined links
• not integrated into COD, so must copy info over
  from COD to ISIS
• Kicks you off too quickly
• Too often overloaded, too many users
• Unavailability at certain hours / dont know when
  its unavailable / status not visible easily
• Links on main page are too similar
• SSN number use

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Spring 06 Examples of non-usable systems

• Eclipse
• Hard learning curve, bad for beginners
• Too many windows, confusing layout, too much
  going on (advanced options)
• Mathcad
• Interface not intuitive
• Not monkey-proof (lets you make mistakes that
  crash it, make it unstable)
• Saving didnt always work well
• Mouse scrolling caused program to crash

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• Main UVa website
• Cluttered, too much stuff
• Random, not organized
• Things you need small, hard to find must search
  for
• User-base
• Grad school application sites
• Multiple systems, not standard
• Important info not clear, not consistent
  (deadlines)
• Geometers Sketchpad
• Hard to figure out how to use (sit down, cant
  figure out what to do). Need to read instruction
  book. Bad help

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• AOL IM
• Flashing movies, ads
• Opens up another window
• Unwanted info, windows, distracting
• Adds buddies to your buddy list (cant remove)
• vi
• Not intuitive, need instructions
• Simple function but needlessly complex

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End of lecture 1