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Title: Marijuana 101 History, Science, Commerce and Politics _________________________________________________


1
Marijuana 101History, Science, Commerce and
Politics _________________________________________
________
  • Meth Etc.
  • The Luxury Box
  • Spokane, Washington
  • June 16, 2011
  • Steven Freng, Psy.D., MSW
  • NW HIDTA Prevention/Treatment Manager

2
What is a HIDTA?
  • HIGH INTENSITY DRUG TRAFFICKING
    AREA
  • HIDTAs are part of the national drug control
    strategy. They are grant programs managed by the
    Office of National Drug Control Policy, awarded
    to geographic areas that are considered to be
    critical centers of drug production,
    manufacturing, importation, distribution and/or
    chronic consumption.

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Northwest HIDTA
Whatcom
San Juan
Okanogan
Pend Orielle
Ferry
Skagit
Stevens
Island
Clallam
Snohomish
Chelan
Jefferson
Douglas
Lincoln
Spokane
Kitsap
King
Grays Harbor
Mason
Grant
Kittitas
Pierce
Adams
Whitman
Thurston
Pacific
Lewis
Yakima
Franklin
Garfield
Wahkiakum
Benton
Cowlitz
Columbia
Skamania
Walla Walla
Asotin
Klickitat
Clark
5
Northwest HIDTA StrategyCombining Public Safety
and Public Health Approaches
ENFORCEMENT Investigative Support Task Force
Support
PREVENTION Community Coalition Support Public
Education Awareness
TREATMENT Drug Court Programs Data Management
Evaluation
6
Investigative Support Center (ISC) Primary
Components
  • Information Services Unit
  • Watch Center
  • Officer Safety
  • Deconfliction
  • Analytical Unit
  • Intelligence Research/Strategic Studies
  • Tactical Analysis
  • Case Support
  • Administrative Unit
  • Technical Equipment Services, Database
    Management, Fiscal Management, Training

7
Threat Indicators
  • Critical Events registered with the
  • NW HIDTA by 61 L.E.A.s in 1998
  • Cocaine 128
  • Methamphetamine 79
  • Heroin 33
  • Marijuana 27
  • Other _6_
  • 273

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Threat Indicators
  • Critical Events registered with the
  • NW HIDTA by 75 L.E.A.s in 2010
  • Methamphetamine 819
  • Marijuana 639
  • Cocaine 475
  • Rx Opiates 413
  • Heroin 383
  • MDMA (Ecstasy) 97
  • Other 146
  • 2,972

10
Psychoactive Drugs by Group/Type
  • Nicotine
  • Marijuana
  • Stimulants
  • Opiates
  • Sedatives
  • Atypical Drugs
  • Hallucinogens

11
Cannabis Cultivated
Harvested
12
Ma
is a pictograph of two
two plants under a shelter
shelter
  • The herb is a liberator of sin
  • good for female weakness, gout,
  • rheumatism, malaria, beri beri, constipation and
    absent mindedness.
  • Chinese Emperor , 2700 B.C.

13
Cannabis sativa from Vienna Dioscurides, 512 AD
14
Marijuana History
  • Archeological evidence indicates the cultivation
    of grain, grapes and hemp as early as 10,000
    years ago -- concurrent with the development of
    pottery and prior to the development of
    metallurgy
  • Approximately 5,000 years ago the Egyptians were
    known to brew at least 5 varieties of beer, and
    hemp was known to be cultivated for fiber, oil,
    food, medicinal and herbal uses throughout Asia
  • Herodotus recorded Scythian use during funeral
    rituals in the early 5th Century B.C.
  • Although there is little evidence of use among
    Greeks and Romans, ritual and medicinal use in
    noted by Persians, Hindus, Arabs and Chinese
  • Hemp cultivation and cannabis use as a medicinal
    herb becomes common in Europe approximately 1,000
    years ago, but is soon persecuted by the Church

15
Marijuana Policies
  • Hemp is an important crop for the colonies and
    later for the new nation throughout the 18th and
    19th centuries, cannabis widely used in medical
    practice but rarely for intoxication or
    recreational use
  • Pure Food and Drug Act is passed in 1906,
    regulating the labeling of products containing
    alcohol, opiates, cocaine, cannabis and other
    substances
  • Marijuana use is noted along the Mexican border
    and among immigrant laborers, and states begin to
    pass prohibitive legislation as early as 1914
    including California (1915), Texas (1919),
    Louisiana (1924), New York (1927)
  • In 1926 a New Orleans newspaper publishes stories
    of a murder committed by Mexicans who smoked
    marijuana and the stories spread up the
    Mississippi River and into the rest of the
    country

16
Marijuana Policies
  • Harry Anslinger is named Presidential Advisor for
    Drug Issues in 1930, moves to eradicate hemp
    (cannabis) following his appointment by Treasury
    Secretary Andrew Mellon (banker to the DuPont
    family, developers of synthetic fibers)
  • All 48 states have outlawed marijuana by 1936
  • Reefer Madness produced and released in 1936
  • The Marihuana Transfer Tax Act is passed in 1937
    despite contradictory research and political
    positions, popular sentiment and animated by
    racial antagonisms, creating the federal
    prohibitions to buy, sell, barter or give away
    cannabis within paying a transfer tax
  • 1964 19,000 Americans arrested for marijuana
    offenses
  • 1974 450,000 arrests

17
Cannabis flyer, 1935
18
Marijuana Characteristics
  • Alters brain perception and mood described by
    researchers as an intoxicant, a stimulant, a
    psychedelic and a depressant
  • Can be eaten (onset in 30-60 minutes, duration
    3-5 hours) and smoked (onset in minutes,
    duration 2-3 hours)
  • Known as weed, pot, grass, hemp, reefer, ganja,
    mary jane, 4-20, joint, roach, bowl, nail
  • Grown outdoors (on every continent) and indoors
    (hydroponics using nutrient-rich liquid rather
    than soil, totally controlled environment,
    yields several crops a year, and hybrids such as
    northern lights, white rhino, train wreck,
    and B.C. bud varieties, producing seedless
    Sinsemilla

19
Ingredients in Cannabis Sativa
  • 483 natural constituents
  • 61 cannabinoids (including
  • THC and CBD)
  • 50 Hydrocarbons
  • 120 Terpenes
  • 25 Phenols
  • Plus microbes, fungi, pesticides
  • Known carcinogens

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Acute Effects
  • Euphoria
  • Calmness
  • Increased concentration, eliminates boredom
  • Appetite stimulation (munchies)
  • Decreased saliva (cotton mouth)
  • Analgesia
  • Altered perception of time
  • Impaired coordination and balance
  • Anxiety, panic
  • Increased heart rate
  • Impaired short-term memory
  • Difficulty with learning and complex tasks
  • Impaired decision-making

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Long-Term Effects
  • Cognitive Impairment (learning, memory,
    attention)
  • Affects REM (dream) sleep
  • Interferes with the maturation process, has the
    capacity to induce regression, irreversible
    immaturity may affect brain development
    during adolescence
  • Produces tolerance and dependence (10 in
    several studies)
  • Withdrawal irritability, restlessness, poor
    concentration, decreased appetite

28
Long-term Effects
  • Impairs lung function
  • Immunosuppressant (colds, flu)
  • Several reports of an association with
    schizophrenia to a lesser extent, depression,
    anxiety and suicidal ideation
  • Pregnancy THC crosses the placental barrier and
    can be passed in breast milk some evidence of
    low birth weight and Apgar scores withdrawal in
    newborns

29
Percentage of At-Risk Marijuana Users Who
Reported Problems Associated With Use
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Drugs in Combination
  • Additive Effect When two or more drugs are
    taken at the same time, and the action of one
    plus the action of the other results in an action
    as if just one drug had been given. An example
    would be a barbiturate and a benzodiazepine given
    together before surgery to relax a patient.
  • Potentiation Occurs when tow drugs are taken an
    one of them intensifies the action of the other.
    An example would be an antihistamine given with
    an opiate to intensify its effect, lessening the
    amount of the opiate needed.
  • Synergism When two drugs with similar actions
    are taken together resulting in an exaggerated
    action, out of proportion to that of each drug
    taken separately. An example would be alcohol
    taken together with an opiate.

32
SPECT Image of Normal Brain
Top Underside
33
Normal Marijuana Use
34
First Specific Drug Associated with Initiation of
Illicit Drug Use, Aged 12 or Older 2009
35
Past Year Initiates of Specific Illicit Drugs
Persons Aged 12 or Older 2009
36
Past Month Illicit Drug UsePerson Aged 12 or
Older 2009
37
Percentage of High School Students Reporting
Past-Year Use, 2004-10
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40
Dependence on or Abuse of Specific Illicit Drugs
in the Past Year, Persons Aged 12 or Older 2009
41
Marijuana-Related Admissions toPublicly Funded
Treatment , 1994-2006
42
WA State Treatment Admissions by Drug (Adults) --
SFYs 2003-09
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Meth 5,994 6,512 7,975 10,021 9,22291 8,652 7,431
Marijuana 3,833 4,129 4,497 5,130 5,440 5,662 6,393
Cocaine 2,913 3,075 3,449 4,134 4,371 4,561 3,813
Heroin 2,390 2,617 3,712 3,449 3,137 3,439 4,393
43
Primary Drug of Choice CJTA Clients, 2008-09
44
Publicly-funded Tx AdmissionsWA State Youth
45
Publicly-funded Tx AdmissionsWA State Adults
46
Marijuana Production
  • M-7 States (indoor and outdoor
    cultivation)
  • California
  • Washington
  • Tennessee
  • Kentucky
  • West Virginia
  • Hawaii
  • Oregon

47
Cannabis Eradication by National Forest, 2008
48
Marijuana
  • Commerce
  • Domestic dominates the region although BC
    Bud, Californian, Mexican and other
    varieties are available
  • Asian-Canadian DTOs operate indoor grows Mexican
    DTOs operate outdoor grows
  • Domestic marijuana ranked 1st (tied with
    methamphetamine) in prevalence and as a threat
    within the regional

49
Marijuana Seizures
50
2010 Marijuana Eradication Statistics
Statewide293,442 Plants Seized


TOTAL SEIZURES (As of September 28,
2010) Grows 321 Indoor Plants 25,710 Outdoor
Plants 267,732 MJ Hotline Plants 60,669 Arrests 23
6 Weapons 224
51
Marijuana Border Seizures
52
Percentage of Drugs Submitted for Analysis(WSP
Forensic Laboratory)
Seattle Tacoma Vancouver Kennewick Spokane Marysville
Meth 13.88 29.53 37.37 34.64 24.48 17.75
Cocaine 16.14 11.56 6.18 13.20 11.38 14.78
Heroin 6.54 8.28 11.02 4.74 3.40 13.74
Oxycodone 6.29 4.70 3.40 1.69 5.19 5.94
Marijuana 26.40 22.55 8.64 21.03 18.65 13.40
PCP/LSD 0.87 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.06
MDA/MDMA 1.08 0.51 0.22 0.58 1.43 1.77
53
Drug Distribution Originating in Washington State
54
What is Spice and K-2?
  • Olive-colored plant material, can be laced with
    synthetic cannabanoid mimicking compounds, most
    notably HU-210 and JWH-018 available as
    early as 2002 in Europe.
  • Sold over the Internet (and previously in smoke
    shops) as all- natural and herbal incense at
    30-35/gram (compared to marijuana _at_ 80 for 14
    grams).
  • Each bag of Spice/K-2 could contain a different
    mix of substances.
  • WA Board of Pharmacy adopted emergency scheduling
    (Schedule I) for five compounds effective 1/7/11
    and again on 4/15/11 each ruling stands for
    120 days, requiring action to adopt permanent
    rules.
  • DEA also temporarily scheduled the same compounds
    on 3/1/11, placing them into the Controlled
    Substances Act pursuant to temporary scheduling
    provisions.
  • There are no set standards to test for the
    substances in Spice/K-2.

54
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  • The abbreviated chemical names for the substances
    found in Spice are
  • HU-210
  • A Schedule I controlled substance
  • Various studies show it is anywhere from 66-800
    times more potent than THC
  • Presence is not detectable with standard Gas
    Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
  • JWH-018
  • A Schedule I controlled substance
  • Believed to have THC-like effects
  • CP 47,497
  • A Schedule I controlled substance
  • 3 to 28 times more potent than THC
  • Used to research effects of THC
  • JWH-073
  • A Schedule I controlled substance
  • THC-like effects probable
  • HU-211
  • Not currently a controlled substance
  • Studies tentatively show no THC-like effects

56
Ingredient Information for Spice
  • Spice contains a combination of plants and
    aromatic extracts includingBaybean - Canavalia
    maritimaSmoked on the Gulf Coast of Mexico as
    Marijuana substitute.  Seeds have been found in
    royal grave sites in the Yucatan and Peru dating
    from 300 B.C. to A.D. 900.Blue Lotus - Nymphaea
    caerulea Nymphaea albaWorshipped by ancient
    Egyptians as a symbol for the origins of life. 
    The flowers were known for their visionary and
    inebriating effects.  White Lotus was
    successfully used as an anesthetic in WWI when
    the more traditional opiate anesthetic wasn't
    available.Dwarf scullcap - Scuttelaria
    nanaScullcap is well-known among the Cherokee
    and other Native American tribesas a sedative
    and excellent treatment for anxiety and insomnia.
    It has been known to cause giddiness when large
    amounts are ingested.Indian Warrior -
    Pedicularis densifloraAt least one Native
    American tribe is known to smoke the flowers of
    certain Pedicularis species for their narcotic
    effects. Pedicularis densiflora is one of the
    most rare and potent species of Pedicularis. It
    has been used for many years as an aphrodisiac,
    muscle relaxer and strong sedative. More potent
    than any other herb of its kind.Lion's Tail -
    Leonotis leonurusUsed by the Xhosa and Hottentot
    tribes of South Africa for inebriant and euphoric
    effects.Maconha Brava - Zornia latifoliaDried
    leaves smoked by Indians in Brazil as a visionary
    aide. The vernacular name Maconha Brava means
    "false Marijuana".Pink Lotus - Nelumbo
    nuciferaPossesses great significance in Eastern
    religion. Indians believe that Brahma, creator
    and God of the universe, sprang from a lotus
    blossom.  Pink Lotus was often smoked or made
    into a tea to create a mystical feeling of joy
    that permeated the mind and body.Siberian
    Motherwort - Leonurus sibiricusUsed in Chinese
    medicine for thousands of years under the name Yi
    Mu Cao.
  • Also commonly used in Brazil and Chiapas as a
    substitute for another popular smoking herb
    giving it the nickname "Little Marijuana".

(Source www.spicesales.com)
57
Common Brand Names
  • Silver Spice
  • Diamond Spice
  • Yukatan Fire Spice
  • PEP Spice
  • Fire n Ice
  • How is it Used?
  • Rolled in papers and smoked
  • Packed into a blunt
  • Hookah pipes
  • Inhaled while burned as incense

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Medicinal Marijuana
  • FDA has approved pill form (Marinol) for nausea
    associated with chemotherapy and the wasting
    disease that appears with AIDS
  • Inhaling burnt leaves impairs lung function,
    increases the risk of bronchitis, asthma and
    other chronic respiratory diseases and may damage
    the immune system
  • Not proven to help glaucoma, multiple sclerosis

59
Medical Marijuana approved in 15 states and D.C.
-- RED passed by ballot initiative
GREEN passed by legislation YELLOW 2011
efforts
60
National Overview State Legislation
  • 110 pieces of pro-drug legislation
  • introduced in 37 states
  • 27 are bills to establish medical
  • marijuana programs
  • 16 seek to decriminalize marijuana
  • 6 seek to tax and/or regulate marijuana
  • 28 seek to expand current medical marijuana
    programs
  • Remaining are proposals regarding hemp,
    rescheduling marijuana, and restructuring
    criminal penalties

61
WA State Medicinal Marijuana LawChapter 181,
Laws of 2011 (effective 7/22/11)
  • A health care professional must now examine the
    patient and document need
  • A health care professional cannot have a business
    consisting solely of authorizing use
  • Qualifying patients may still assert an
    affirmative defense
  • Patients parental rights and organ transplant
    rights are protected
  • Allows up to 10 patients and designated providers
    to establish collective gardens of up to 45
    plants and 72 ounces of useable cannabis
  • Providers may serve only one patient in a 15-day
    period
  • Drug-free workplaces, correctional facilities and
    supervision authorities are not required to
    permit marijuana use
  • The WSIPP is to conduct a cost benefit analysis
    UW and WSU can conduct research on medical use
  • Local governments can adopt zoning, licensing
    requirements and business taxes for community
    gardens
  • Dispensaries are no longer allowed

62
QUESTIONS?
  • Contact Information/Resources
  • Tel 206.352.3603
  • sfreng_at_nw.hidta.org
  • M-Files www.mfiles.org
  • ONDCP whitehousedrugpolicy.gov
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