47 Hot Topics for Global History

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47 Hot Topics for Global History

• (Info to Know to Beat the Exam)

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Goals of this Packet

• TODAY well go over some brief notes on 47 hot
  topics
• TOMORROW YOU read back over the notes and also
  the multiple choice questions
• WHY? The Regents people are lazier than
  you.they repeat the questions..
• Find more like this at http//www.regentsprep.org

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1. Vocabulary

• traditional society-culture in which the man
  works, woman takes care of family, usually in
  country
• cultural diffusion- spreading of goods and ideas
  from one culture to another
• isolation-country stays out of contact with
  outside world (Japan China did this)
• self-determination-country wants to control its
  own future

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2. Religions

• Religion Islam
• Area of the World Middle East
• Key Beliefs Five Pillars of Wisdom Jihad-hol
  y war
• Holy Book Koran

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2. Religions

• Religion Judaism
• Area of the World Middle East (Israel)
• Key Beliefs monotheistic Old
  Testament prophets
• Holy Book Torah (first 5 books of Old Testament)

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2. Religions

• Religion Christianity
• Area of the World All over--especially western
  hemisphere
• Key Beliefs monotheistic Golden Rule (Do
  unto others) Jesus/God
• Holy Book Bible

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2. Religions

• Religion Buddhism
• Area of the World Started in India, mostly in
  Asia
• Key Beliefs Noble Eightfold Path reincarnati
  on nirvana
• Holy Book No sacred book

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2. Religions

• Religion Hinduism
• Area of the World India
• Key Beliefs caste system reincarnation
  karma/dharma moksha
• Holy Book No sacred book Vedas (prayers)
  Upanishads (descriptions of origins of universe)

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2. Religions

• Religion Animism
• Area of the World Tribal religion-Africa
  Latin America
• Key Beliefs All living things have a spirit
• Holy Book No holy book

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3. Ancient River Civilizations

• Examples Tigris/Euphrates (MesopotamiaFertile
  Crescent) Nile River Indus
  River Yellow/Yangtze (Yuang Chang)
• Why settle on rivers? Fertile soil,
  transportation, irrigation

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4. Ancient Civilizations

• Ancient civilizations used advanced
  _technology_____ for their times. example
  pyramid

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5. Hammurabis Code

• Eye for an __eye_____written law code of
  ancient Babylon

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6. Golden Ages

• Golden Ages are a time of ___advanced___
  learning, a high point of civilization.

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7. Ghana/Mali/Songhai

• ancient African kingdoms known for ___trade_____
  and having pretty __complex_____ societies.

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8. Byzantine Empire

• empire in the Middle East during the 500s
• emperor Justianian wrote Justinians Code, a
  written legal code
• culturally diffused the cyrillic __alphabet__ and
  eastern Orthodox Christianity to ___Russia___

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9. Crusades

• What were they? Holy wars by the Christians from
  Europe trying to take back the Holy Land from the
  Muslims
• Who won? Muslims
• What did they cause? Cultural diffusion--new
  ideas went back to Europe and brought on
  Renaissance

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10. Catholic Church during Middle Ages

• What was the role of the Catholic Church? Total
  control of the peoples lives--center of their
  world provided order stability
• What could happen to someone who didnt follow
  the rules of the Catholic Church?get
  excommunicated (couldnt go to heaven or even
  speak to someone in church)

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11. Protestant Reformation

• Who started it? Why? Martin Luther didnt like
  what the Catholic Church was doing--selling
  indulgences and other abuses. He nailed his 95
  Theses to the door of a church.
• What were the results? Decline in power of
  Catholic Church

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12. Renaissance

• The Renaissance was a period in Europe where
  there was a _rebirth_ in learning. It built on
  the ideas from ancient __Greece__ and __Rome__.
• Humanism-focus on humans

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13. Spanish Conquerors

• Spanish conquistadores took over most of Central
  and _South_____ America.
• They brought the Spanish language,
  __disease______, and the Catholic Church.
• They defeated native peoples using advanced
  technology and __weapons__________.

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14. Mercantilism

• an economic system in which the mother countries
  takes _raw_____ materials from the colony and
  then uses the colony as a market_____ for
  finished goods

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15. Absolutism

• definitionOne ruler is in total control of the
  country
• examples of absolute rulers
• Louis XIV from France Sun King Elizabeth I
  from England
• Catherine the Great Peter the Great Russian,
  modernized westernized

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16. Scientific Revolution

• definition time when people started to use
  __natural_______ laws and the scientific
  ___method____,instead of traditional teachings to
  interpret the universe
• examples of scientists Newton, Copernicus,
  Galileo, Descartes

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17. Limited Monarchy

• type of government in which the monarch
  (king/queen) has to share the __power__ with the
  people
• Example Parliament in England
• Magna Cartalimits the power of the King of
  England
• Bill of Rightsgives people some rights limits
  power of King/Queen

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18. Enlightenment

• period in European history where philosophers
  challenged traditional teachings
• use of _reason________
• said people deserve the right to __life_____,
  liberty, _property____
• examples Locke, Voltaire,Montesquieu

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19. French Revolution

• description Peasants and ordinary people of
  France were poor, overtaxed, didnt have any
  rights, abused by the king. Peasants overthrew
  the government and tried to kill many nobility
  during the Reign of _terror________
• Leaders Louis XVI Marie Antoinette (king
  queen, beheaded) Robespierre (led the Committee
  of Public Safety)
• effect spread the ideas of liberty, equality,
  and _fraternity_ across Europe

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20. Karl Marx

• wrote the __communist_____ Manifesto
• hated the abuses/problems of the Industrial
  Revolution
• believed the workers or have-nots (also known
  as the _proletariat____) would overthrow the
  owners or haves (also known as the
  __bourgeoisie___)

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21. European Imperialism

• definition of imperialism stronger _country_
  takes over weaker country
• Europeans imperialized most of ___Africa_,
  Southeast_Asia___, and parts of Latin _America_
• The Europeans didnt care about existing tribes
  or anything. They just wanted raw __materials_
  and markets.

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22. Meiji Restoration

• After Matthew Perry opened Japan up for trade
  with the rest of the world, the Japanese
  government decided to _modernize_______ and
  industrialize their country. This was known as
  the Meiji Restoration

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23. Nationalist Leaders

• wanted to free their countries of foreign rule
  wanted ____independence_
• wanted their countries to be unified
• examples Ho Chi Minh, Simon Bolivar, Jomo
  Kenyatta, Toussaint LOverture, Kwame Nkrumah,
  Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi

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24. Japanese Imperialism

• When Japan began to modernize, they needed
  natural resources. Being a volcanic island
  nation (archipelago), they did not have the
  necessary __raw materials__ and decided to
  imperialize to get them.

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25. World War I

• 4 Main Causes Militarism_________________ Allianc
  e System_________ Imperialism____________Nationa
  lism____________
• assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo
  (Balkan Mountains) started the wararea was known
  as the powderkeg of Europe
• Central Powers (Triple Alliance) vs. Allies
  (Triple Entente)
• Treaty of __Versailles_____ ended the war
  punishing Germany very harshly

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26. Russian Revolution

• The people of Russia were not satisfied with the
  rule of Czar Nicholar II.
• People were starving and they were oppressed
  without any political rights.
• World War I made the problem worse.
• In 1917, the __Communist__ party (the Bolsheviks)
  took over.

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27. Joseph Stalin

• Stalin ruled with an iron fist in the communist
  Soviet Union.
• He used his secret _police_, a forced __famine___
  in the Ukraine, and the Great Purges to eliminate
  any and all ___opposition___ to his rule.
• Had 5 Year _Plans_ to catch up industrially to
  the rest of the world
• collectiveslarge government farms

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28. Command Economy

• People were told what to produce, where to work,
  etc.. by the ___government_____.

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29. Hitler Mussolini

• Fascist leaders (believed in glorification of the
  _state__) rose to power in Germany Italy during
  the 1930s
• They promised to get their people out of the
  economic depression.

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30. Cold War

• Time after World War II when the United States
  and Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) were not fighting
  each other directly, but helped opposing
  sides
• battle of communism (U.S.S.R.) vs. capitalism
  (U.S.A.)
• U.S. foreign policy _____containment___ do
  anything to stop the spread of communism
• examples of Events Berlin Airlift, Berlin Wall,
  NATO, Warsaw Pact, Marshall Plan, Truman
  Doctrine, U2 Incident, Cuban Missile Crisis

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31. Gandhi/India

• Gandhi fought to get Indias independence from
  __Britain____ using nonviolent resistance such as
  hunger strikes, _____homespun___ cloth, and the
  Salt March
• After independence, India split into Hindu India
  and _Muslim__ Pakistan

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32. United Nations

• International peacekeeping organization formed
  after ___World War II_________
• made up of a Security Council and the General
  Assembly

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33. Soviet Union During Cold War

• command economy
• no political _rights_, brutal harsh control

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34. Mao Zedong Chinese Communism

• Communist leader in China following World War II
• Had support of the _peasants_ focused on
  agriculture
• Used the Great _Leap__ Forward and established
  large communes
• Cultural _Revolution_____ movement to reteach
  basic communist ideas using the Little Red Book
  of Chinese Communism

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35. Cambodia

• Pol __Pot____ and the Khmer Rouge killed 2
  million people in a mass genocide
• Wanted to establish a communist regime

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36. Deng Xiaoping

• Ruler in China after Mao Zedong
• Made many economic changes, allowing some
  elements of _capitalism__________
• Four Modernizations
• Allowed economic change, but not political
  freedomsi.e. Tianenmen Square

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37. Collapse of U.S.S.R.

• Communism was not working in the Soviet
  Union.
• Gorbachev made reforms such as glasnost
  (__openness____) and perestroika (allowing some
  capitalist elements)
• Now the U.S.S.R. is the Commonwealth of
  Independent Nations-15 independent capitalist
  nations, but theyre very poor

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38. Cuba

• Under the leadership of Fidel ___Castro____, Cuba
  is a Communist country with no economic ties to
  the United States
• Cuba used to get support from the U.S.S.R.
  (Soviet Union), but the U.S.S.R. and many other
  communist countries have since fallen apart

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39. Arab-Israeli Conflict

• Jewish (Israelis) and Muslims (Palestinians) are
  fighting over the land of _Israel/Palestine__,
  given to Israel after WWII. Both have religious
  and historical claims to the area.
• Britain fist suggested in 1917 with the Balfour
  Declaration that the Jews deserve a homeland.
• Peace talks have attempted to negotiate a
  compromise (Camp David _Accords_, 1979) but no
  peace yet.
• Israeli troops occupy forcefully Palestinian
  territories of the Gaza _Strip, West _Bank_, and
  Golan __Heights._

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40. Islamic Fundamentalism

• movement to go back to basic Muslim
  teachings
• antiwestern, antidemocratic, antimodern
• examples Iranian Revolutionoverthrow of _Shah_
  Reza Pahlavi by Ayatollah Khomeini (1979),
  Taliban Government in Afganistan

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41. European Union

• trade agreement between European countries
  designed to improve their _economies____
• most use the EURO as their currency

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42. Green Revolution

• using new ___technology______ to improve crop
  yields and be able to feed more people using less
  amounts of land

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43. NAFTA

• trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, Mexico
  aimed at being able to compete with the European
  Union and improve _economies___
• many U.S. businesses moving to Mexico for cheap
  __labor___

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44. Latin America 1990s

• Economies are often based on a single __cash_
  crop.
• Much drug trafficking Struggling to
  industrialize
• Catholic Church is importantliberation
  theology priests helping the poor
• democracy is replacing _dictatorship____

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45. Nelson Mandela

• jailed for 27 years in South _Africa____ for
  opposing apartheid
• apartheidlaw segregating blacks and
  whites
• elected president in the first open election in
  1994

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46. Japans Favorable Balance of Trade

• Japan _exports___ more than they
  _import___.
• Japan focuses on technological products for
  export. (SONY, Mitsubishi)

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47. Iraq

• 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait and U.S. led a United
  Nations effort to free Kuwait (Persian Gulf
  War)At the end, Iraq Saddam __Hussein__ had to
  agree to allow U.N. arms inspectors inspect
  factorieshe didnt do it. International trade
  sanctions (embargos-dont buy/sell with them_)
  have been put in place until that happens

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• THE END