Chapter 15: Gene Technologies and Human Applications

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Chapter 15 Gene Technologies and Human
Applications
Sections 1 and 2 (pages 343-354) The Power of
Genes Video

• Fathom.com

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Human Genome Project

• Sequence of all human DNA bases (over 2.9 billion
  base pairs)?
• Completed in 2003
• Have complete genomes of many organisms, E. coli,
  Drosophila, C. Elegans, Yeast, Mice, Dog, etc.

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Human Genome Project Results

• Around 20,000-25,000 genes
• Most of the genes are noncoding
• Less than 2 of human DNA codes for protein
• Any two people have DNA that is 99.9 identical

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Manipulating Genes

• Genetic engineeringthe deliberate alteration of
  the genetic material of an organism
• Involves the transfer of DNA from one organism to
  another
• Organisms with recombinant genes may be called
  recombinant, transgenic, or genetically modified

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Applications of Human Genetics

• Can be used to
• Diagnose and prevent diseases
• Identify diseases through genetic counseling and
  make vaccinations for various viruses
• Treat diseases
• Make medicines that are tailored for specific
  needs
• Identify individuals for crime suspects,
  paternity/maternity tests and dead bodies

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Treating Disease

• Is used to produce human insulin, clotting
  factors and other proteins cheaply

Cloning DNA in plasmids
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Paternity Maternity
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Criminal Identification Forensics DNA
isolated from blood, hair, skin cells or other
genetic evidence can be compared with the DNA of
a suspect
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How are Genes Manipulated?

• First, DNA must be extracted
• Next, DNA must be cut into pieces
• Then, DNA can be separated
• Finally, DNA can be analyzed
• Or, the DNA pieces can be combined for various
  purposes

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Gel Electrophoresis

• Electrophoresis is a process used to separate
  macromolecules such as DNA according to size and
  charge.
• Basic materials needed include a power supply,
  gel bed and coverage.

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Everyday Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Food Crops
• added insecticides and nutrients to be grown
  easier and more nutritiously
• Livestock
• Meat to have less fat and more meat develop more
  nutritious byproducts like eggs and milk
• Medical Treatment
• Producing proteins needed for specific disorders

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Genetically modified food

• Genetically modified food containing pesticide,
  vitamin A, or resistance to weed killing
  chemicals is becoming more and more common.

Genetically modified foods
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Take this just a step further

• Scientists can hybridize the genes by adding DNA
  from one organism to another organisms egg
  (meta-cloning)?
• This resulted in chickens that were both meaty
  and good egg layers

Letters of Marque
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Neat Stuff!

• The gene that makes fireflies glow has been added
  to this plant
• Now it actually glows in the dark

Prenhall
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How do we get these variations?

Bearded Dragon Resource Exzooberance Dragon Depot
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Selective Breeding

• This is the oldest type of genetic manipulation.
  
• Breeding organisms for a desired characteristic
• Works very well in plants
• Also works with animals, but this can be a more
  difficult

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Pure Breed Animals

• Although prized for specific qualities, purebred
  animals run the risk of inbreeding and developing
  health problems

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Tay Sachs and Ashkenazi Jews

• There are a lot of carriers in the population of
  Ashkenazi Jewish people in Eastern Europe.

Tay-Sachs Disease Clinical Aspects
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Blue People of Kentucky

• The Fugate family
• Genetic disorder, autosommal recessive

Methemoglobinemia
Fugate Family
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Polydactyly

• There is an increased incidence of the autosomal
  dominant disorder in the Amish population
• This is because of the founder effect

polydactyly
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Hybridization

• Breeding of two different species that results in
  an offspring
• Actually happens in nature (coydog and dogote)?
• Humans can do this on purpose to create desired
  traits, common example is the mule

Real Hybrid Animals
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Hybridization (continued)?

• Liger is another example

Bred for its skills and magic
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A little game called.is it real?????

• You will be shown some pictures.
• Use your common sense to determine whether or not
  these crosses are real.

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Male Lion Female Tiger Tigon
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Zebra Fish
Zebra Fish
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The mule possesses the sobriety, patience,
endurance and sure-footedness of the donkey, and
the vigour, strength and courage of the horse.
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Zebra __________
A Zorse, Zonkey, Zony
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Butterfly Sting Ray
Butterfly Ray
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Lobster Snake
Lobake
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Llama Camel
Cama
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Killer Whale Dolphin
Wolphin
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Leopard Lion
Leopon
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Rhino Bass
Rhino Bass
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Hybrid Pheasant
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Clones are all around us
Worth 1000 Wonderquest
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Cloning

• Clone is an organism or piece of genetic material
  that is genetically identical to one that was
  preexisting
• Asexual organisms clone themselves
• Embryo cloning coaxing an individual cell to
  split as it can with identical twins naturally
• Therapeutic cloning cloning an adults DNA in
  hopes of creating tissues or organs the person
  can use
• Reproductive cloning cloning of an adults DNA
  in hopes of creating a genetically identical
  individual which can grow to adulthood

CNN
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Reproductive Clone

• Take an egg cell (stem cell)?
• Remove the nucleus
• Add genetic material from another adult cell
• Allow the cell to divide
• The embryo is placed in a foster mother like in
  vitro fertilization to grow and be born naturally

CBC News
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Cloning and Conservation

• Video clip of using cloning techniques to
  conserve the endangered gaur
• Cloning and Conservation

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Stem Cells

• A stem cell is a cell that can continuously
  divide and differentiate into various tissues
• Primitive cells that give rise to other types of
  cells
• Undifferentiated- all the same
• Have the ability to change into other types of
  cells (specialized)?
• Potential to treat many diseases, including
  Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, diabetes and cancer.
• May also be used to regenerate organs

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Blastocyst 64-128 cells
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Types of Stem Cells

• Stem cells can be extracted from
• Embryonic stem cells from human embryos.
• Fetal stem cells from aborted fetal tissue.
• Umbilical or baby teeth stem cells from umbilical
  cords and baby teeth.
• Adult stem cells from the brain, fat, and other
  tissues, but adult stem cells are most commonly
  taken from bone marrowparticularly the the back
  of the upper hip bone.

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Uses

• In April 2001, researchers at UCLA and the
  University of Pittsburg found stem cells in fat
  sucked out of liposuction patients.
• Stem cells from fat have the ability to mature
  into other types of specific cells, including
  muscle, bone and cartilage, but how many other
  types is still unknown.

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How it works

• Stem cells are injected into the area of the body
  being targeted for tissue regeneration
• As the stem cells come into contact with growth
  chemicals in the body, the chemicals program the
  stem cells to grow into the tissue surrounding
  it.

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A lot left to learn!

• There are so many things about genes we dont
  know
• Gene therapy is a promising way to fix genes
• There are many advances that have promise to help
  individuals in the future.

PNNL