Module N

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Module N 4 Hazards
2
Building an SMS
Management
Module 5 Risks
Module 3 Introduction to safety management
Module 4 Hazards
3
Objective

• At the end of this module, participants will be
  able to apply the fundamentals of hazard
  identification and analysis through a case study.

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Outline

• Two definitions
• First fundamental Understanding hazards
• Second fundamental Hazard identification
• Third fundamental Hazard analysis
• Fourth fundamental Documentation of hazards
• Questions and answers
• Points to remember
• Exercise 04/01 International airport
  construction project (See Handout N 3)

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Two definitions

• Hazard Condition, object or activity with the
  potential of causing injuries to personnel,
  damage to equipment or structures, loss of
  material, or reduction of ability to perform a
  prescribed function.
• Consequence Potential outcome(s) of the hazard.
• A wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the
  runway is a hazard.
• The potential that a pilot may not be able to
  control the aircraft during takeoff or landing is
  one of the consequences of the hazard.

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First fundamental Understanding hazards

• There is a natural tendency to describe hazards
  as their consequence(s).
• Unclear aerodrome signage vs. runway
  incursion
• Stating a hazard as consequence(s)
• disguises the nature of the hazard
• interferes with identifying other important
  consequences.
• Well-named hazards
• allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the
  hazard
• allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s).

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First fundamental Understanding hazards

• Types of hazards
• Natural
• Technical
• Economic

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Examples of natural hazards

• Severe weather or climatic events
• E.g. hurricanes, major winter storms, drought,
  tornadoes, thunderstorms lighting, and wind
  shear.
• Adverse weather conditions
• E.g. Icing, freezing precipitation, heavy rain,
  snow, winds, and restrictions to visibility.

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Examples of natural hazards

• Geophysical events
• E.g. earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, floods
  and landslides.
• Geographical conditions
• E.g. adverse terrain or large bodies of water.
• Environmental events
• E.g. wildfires, wildlife activity, and insect or
  pest infestation.
• Public health events
• E.g. epidemics of influenza or other diseases.

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Examples of technical hazards

• Deficiencies regarding
• E.g. aircraft and aircraft components, systems,
  subsystems and related equipment.
• E.g. an organizations facilities, tools, and
  related equipment.
• E.g. facilities, systems, sub-systems and
  related equipment that are external to the
  organization.

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Examples of economics hazards

• Major trends related to
• Growth.
• Recession.
• Cost of material or equipment.
• Etc.

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Second fundamental Hazard identification

• In order to identify hazards, consider
• Design factors, including equipment and task
  design.
• Procedures and operating practices, including
  documentation and checklists.
• Communications, including means, terminology and
  language.

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Second fundamental Hazard identification

• consider
• Organizational factors, such as company policies
  for recruitment, training, remuneration and
  allocation of resources.
• Work environment factors, such as ambient noise
  and vibration, temperature, lighting and
  protective equipment and clothing.
• ...

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Second fundamental Hazard identification

• consider
• Regulatory factors, including the applicability
  and enforceability of regulations certification
  of equipment, personnel and procedures and the
  adequacy of oversight.
• Defences including detection and warning systems,
  and the extent to which the equipment is
  resilient against errors and failures.
• Human performance, including medical conditions
  and physical limitations.

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Sources of hazard identification

• Internal
• Flight Data Analysis
• Company voluntary reporting system
• Audits and surveys
• External
• Accident reports
• State mandatory occurrence system
• As a reminder
• Predictive
• Proactive
• Reactive

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Hazard identification

• By whom?
• By anybody
• By designated personnel
• How?
• Through formal processes
• Depends on the organization
• When?
• Anytime
• Under specific conditions

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Hazard identification

• Specific conditions
• Unexplained increase in safety-related events or
  infractions.
• Major operational changes are foreseen.
• Periods of significant organizational change.

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Third fundamental Hazard analysis

• ABC of hazard analysis
• A State the generic hazard (hazard statement)
• Airport construction
• B Identify specific components of the hazard
• Construction equipment
• Closed taxiways
• C Naturally leading to specific consequence(s)
• Aircraft colliding with construction equipment
• Aircraft taking wrong taxiway

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Third fundamental Hazard analysis

• Efficient and safe operations or provision of
  service require a constant balance between
  production goals...
• maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a
  runway construction project
• ...and safety goals
• maintaining existing margins of safety in
  aerodrome operations during runway construction
  project
• Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may
  not be cost-effective to address even when
  operations must continue (further discussed in
  Module 5).

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Fourth fundamental Documentation of hazards

• Appropriate documentation management is
  important as
• It is a formal procedure to translate operational
  safety data into hazard-related information.
• It becomes the safety library of an
  organization.

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Fourth fundamental Documentation of hazards

• Tracking and analysis of hazards is facilitated
  by standardizing
• Definitions
• Understanding
• Validation
• Reporting
• Measurement
• Management

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Fourth fundamental Documentation of hazards

• Reactive method
• ASR
• MOR
• Incident reports
• Accident reports

Safety library
Trend analysis

• Proactive method
• ASR
• Surveys
• Audits

• Predictive method
• FDA
• Direct observation systems

Inform person(s) responsible for implementing
strategies
Feedback
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The focus of hazard identification

• Hazard identification is a wasted effort if
  restricted to the aftermath of rare occurrences
  where there is serious injury, or significant
  damage.

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Questions and answers

• Hazards

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Questions and answers

• Q Define the concept of hazard.
• A
• Hazard Condition, object or activity with the
  potential of causing injuries to personnel,
  damage to equipment or structures, loss of
  material, or reduction of ability to perform a
  prescribed function.

Slide number 5
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Questions and answers

• Q Provide three examples of areas/factors to
  consider when identifying hazards.
• A
• Design factors, including equipment and task
  design.
• Procedures and operating practices, including
  documentation and checklists.
• Communications, including means, terminology and
  language

Slide number 12
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Questions and answers

• Q Name three specific circumstances when hazard
  identification is essential.
• A
• Unexplained increase in safety-related events or
  infractions.
• Major operational changes are foreseen.
• Periods of significant organizational change.

Slide number 17
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Points to remember

1. Hazards have potential consequences.
2. Sources of hazard identification
3. ABC of hazard management.
4. Hazard documentation the safety library of an
   organization.

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Exercise 04/01 International airportconstructio
n project (Handout N 3)

• Hazards

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International airport construction project

• Group activity
• A facilitator will be appointed, who will
  coordinate the discussion.
• A summary of the discussion will be written on
  flip charts, and a member of the group will brief
  on their findings in a plenary session.
• Scenario
• Construction project to extend and repave one of
  the two crossing runways at an international
  airport (100,000 movements a year).

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Aerodrome layout
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Three-phase construction project
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Scope of the work

• Phase 1
• Extend the length of RWY 09-27 by 900 meters
  westward and width from 30 to 45 meters from a
  point 100 m from the intersection with RWY 18-36,
  and strengthen the runway extension (from asphalt
  to concrete) to increase its Pavement
  Classification Number (PCN).
• Extend the length of TWY Delta by 900 meters
  westward.
• Estimated time to complete the work
• Seven (7) months.

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Scope of the work

• Phase 2
• Construct and enlarge new threshold entrance and
  holding zone at TWY Charlie.
• Extend the width of RWY 09-27 from 30 to 45
  meters and strengthen (from asphalt to concrete)
  this part of the runway up to a point 200 m
  before intersection TWY A-B to increase its PCN.
• Estimated time to complete the work
• Five (5) months.

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Scope of the work

• Phase 3
• Complete the construction work of RWY 09-27 for
  the central area of the last 350 m at the
  intersection of RWY 09-27 and RWY 18-36 (from
  asphalt to concrete), increase its width from 30
  to 45 meters and its PCN.
• Estimated time to complete the work
• Two (2) months.

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Scope of the work

• Runway 18-36 utilization during the construction
  work
• Continuous utilization of RWY 18-36 during the
  three-phase construction project.
• RWY 18-36 length is 3.850 m and the distance
  available from threshold RWY 18 to intersection
  RWY 09-27 is 2.600 m.
• Information must be provided to airport users.

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Identify hazards

• Your task
• Identify the hazards using brainstorming
  techniques.
• Brainstorm a list of possible hazards, their
  components and their consequences (use a flip
  chart).
• Complete the attached log (Table 04/01) as
  follows
• List type of operation or activity
• State the generic hazard (hazard statement)
• Identify specific components of the hazard
• List hazard-related consequences
• It is recommended to conduct the analysis per
  phase of construction.

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Table 04/01 Hazard identification
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Module N 4 Hazards