Family Planning, Pregnancy, and Birth

1
Chapter 9

• Family Planning, Pregnancy, and Birth

2
Chapter Outline

• Children by Choice
• Are We Ready for Children?
• Children Having Children
• Family Planning Decisions
• Infertility
• Pregnancy
• Birth

3
Factors Influencing Childbearing

• Decrease in infant mortality rate
• Postponement of parenthood
• Less social pressure to parent large families

4
Fertility Rates of Countries
Nation Total Fertility Rate
Germany 1.3
China 1.7
United States 2.0
Brazil 2.2
Mexico 2.8
India 3.1
Saudi Arabia 5.7
Nigeria 5.8
5
Decision to Have Kids

• Do we want to have children?
• Are we healthy enough to give a child the care,
  attention, and love he/she needs?
• Can we afford to provide our child with the food,
  clothing, and education needed for at least the
  next 18 years and perhaps beyond?

6
Decision to Have Kids

• How much time do we want for just each other and
  for establishing a home?
• How much more education do we want or need for
  the jobs and income we want?
• What if we dont get the girl (boy) we want?
• What if the child is disabled in some way?

7
Some Facts about Teen Parents

• Teen mothers are many times more likely than
  older mothers to live below the poverty level.
• Only half of those who give birth before age 18
  complete high school (compared to 96 of those
  who postpone childbearing).
• On the average, unwed teen mothers earn half as
  much money and are far more likely to be on
  welfare.

8
Birth Control

• Contraceptive is any agent used to prevent
  conception.

9
Abortion Methods

• Dilation and Curettage (DC) A procedure that
  involves dilating the cervix and scraping out the
  contents with a curette.
• Vacuum Aspiration A procedure in which the
  contents of the uterus are removed by suction.
• Saline Abortion A procedure in which a salt
  solution is injected into the amniotic sac to
  kill the fetus, which is then expelled via
  uterine contractions.

10
Who Has Abortions?
White 46
Black 29
Hispanic 20
Protestant 37
Catholic 31
No religion 24
11
Fertility

• Fecund having the capacity to reproduce

12
Infertility

• Infertile means that a man is not producing
  viable sperm, or a woman is either not producing
  viable eggs or has some other condition that
  makes it impossible to maintain a pregnancy.

13
Types of Infertility

1. Primary infertility the couple has never
   conceived.
2. Secondary infertility the couple has previously
   conceived, but is subsequently unable to
   conceive.
3. Pregnancy wastage the woman is able to conceive,
   but unable to produce a live birth.

14
Treatments for Infertility

• Artificial Insemination
• Egg Freezing
• Fertility Drugs
• Artificial Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (In
  Vitro Fertilization)
• Surrogate Mothers

15
New Ways of Creating Babies
16
New Ways of Creating Babies
17
Possible Signs of Pregnancy

• A missed period.
• Nausea in the morning (morning sickness).
• Changes in shape and coloration of breasts.
• Increased need to urinate.

18
Possible Signs of Pregnancy

• Feelings of fatigue and sleepiness.
• Increased vaginal secretions.
• Increased retention of body fluids.

19
Pregnancy Terms

• False Pregnancy (pseudocyesis) Signs of
  pregnancy occur without the woman actually being
  pregnant
• Embryo The developing organism from the second
  to the eighth week of pregnancy, characterized by
  the differentiation of the organs and tissues
  into their human form
• Fetus The developing organism from the eighth
  week after conception until birth

20
Pregnancy Terms

• Umbilical Cord A flexible cordlike structure
  connecting the fetus to the placenta and through
  which the fetus is fed and waste products are
  discharged
• Placenta The organ that connects the fetus to
  the uterus by means of the umbilical cord

21
Birth Defects

• Congenital Defect A condition existing at birth
  or before, as distinguished from a genetic
  defect
• Genetic Defect An abnormality in the development
  of the fetus that is inherited through the genes,
  as distinguished from a congenital defect

22
Causes of Congenital Problems

• Drugs
• Infectious Diseases
• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Rh Blood Factor

23
Rh Blood Factor

• Rh factor An element found in the blood of most
  people that can adversely affect fetal
  development if the parents differ on the element
  (Rh negative versus Rh positive)

24
Controlling Birth Defects

• Diet
• Amniocentesis
• Ultrasound in Obstetrics
• Fetoscopy

25
Technology in Pregnancy

• Ultrasound Sound waves are directed at the fetus
  that yield a visual picture of the fetus used to
  detect potential problems in fetal development
• Fetoscopy Examining the fetus through a small
  viewing tube inserted into the mothers uterus

26
Natural Childbirth

• In natural childbirth the parents have learned
  about the birth process and participate in
  exercises such as breathing techniques to
  minimize pain and, therefore, the use of drugs.

27
Different Experiences

• Natural Childbirth
• Rooming in
• Alternative Birth Centers
• Home Births

28
Quick Quiz
29
1. Signs of pregnancy occurring without the woman
actually being pregnant is called

1. Amniocentesis
2. Pseudocyesis
3. False Pregnancy
4. Both b and c

30
Answer d

• Signs of pregnancy occurring without the woman
  actually being pregnant is called pseudocyesis or
  false pregnancy.

31
2. The developing organism from the eighth week
after conception until birth is a

1. Fetus
2. Embryo
3. Placenta
4. Congenital defect

32
Answer a

• The developing organism from the eighth week
  after conception until birth is a fetus.

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3. The Rh Factor is

1. Examining the fetus through a small viewing tube
   inserted into the mothers uterus
2. An element found in the blood of most people
   that can adversely affect fetal development if
   the parents differ on the element
3. A condition existing at birth or before, as
   distinguished from a genetic defect
4. An abnormality in the development of the fetus
   that is inherited through the genes, as
   distinguished from a congenital defect

34
Answer b

• Rh factor is an element found in the blood of
  most people that can adversely affect fetal
  development if the parents differ on the element
  (Rh positive versus Rh negative).