??????

1
?????????????

• ???
• (????????)
• ?????????????????????

2
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• ????????
• ?????
• ??????

3
1?????????

• ??????????????4????
• ???4?????????
• ?20???????????????????????????????
• ??????????????
• ??????????6???????,?????????????????

4
????????

• 1952???,?????????????????????
• 1955?,?????????????????
• 1961?,????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ??30-35?/???????

???? 29
????? 4
?? 16
????????? 20
???? 2
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??????????? 7
?????????? 4
5
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• ???????
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• ?????????????????
• ??????????
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• ????
• ????2004-2009?????????3555??

????
6
?????????

• 1960???

• ???21?
• ??8?
• ????????4?
• ??1?,????1?
• ????
• ?????
• ?????????
• ??????

??? 20? /year ??? 10? /year
??? 5-8? /year ?? 130?. ??????? 
????, ?????????, ??.  ????? ????.
7

• ????
• ??40??????,????
• ??2.1??????,????
• 85??????¼??,????
• ??????????,??
• ????(?????????)

????????? ??????? ???????
????????? ???? gt100,000 ?/?/?
8
????????

• 1960?,???????????????,?????.
• 1978??????????????1985???????????
• 1998??????-???????????????1999??????????????
• 2000??????????????2001???????,????????????????
• 2006?,???(Kavli)??????????(KIAA)?????,2008??????
• ???????30?,???15?

??????????? ??7?(?????2?,????1?,?????????2?),???
2?,???2?(?11?)?KIAA???4?,???3? ???????? ??????
?????????? ?????? ?????????
9
???????????? ???????????????????????????????????
????
10
???????

• 1972???????
• 1978?????????(?????)
• 1983???????????
• 1998???????????,??????
• 1998?????????
• 2007????????????
• 2009???????

????(20?) ??( 12?,????2?,??2?)???(5?)??3? ???
? ??? ??8-15?????????????40? ???
30? ??(1????) 30?
11
????
??????????????,?????????????(??????)???
????????? ????? ???? ??????
????????
???????????????????LAMOST??,????LAMOST????????????
? ??????200-300?
12
??????????

• ???????????2001???,????????????,??????????????????
  ????10?(??1????1?????),???30?.
• ?????????????????????????????????????
• ?????X?????????(HXMT)??(?????????????)??????????
  ????(SVOM)????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????80????????(TNT),??????????????????????
  ??????

13
????????????????

• 2006?4?6???
• ????????(8?) ??????
• ????
• 1)??(??????,X?????AGN?GRB?ULX??,X????????)
• 2)?????(???????)
• 3)???

14
??????????

• ??????4?,????2?
• ??????1997?????????,????16????,??8??????(????4?,??
  ??3?).????????????????????????-??????????????????
  ?????.????????????
• ????
• ????????????
• ???????????
• ???

15
??????????

• 1994? ????????????
• 2000?(??????) ??????????
• 2003? ?????????????????
• 2007? ???????????? ???????????????
• 2008?????????
• 2009????????????????

???10? ??4?(??1?) ???4????2? ??????
1?????? 2??????? 3????? ???????????
16
?????????????
1?????7?(??5??2) 2????????????????? ???? ????
2 ?/? ???? ??? ? ?IAP,ZAH
???? 1?????????? 2??????????? 3?????(??) 4????
17
???????????

• ???70???80??????????????????????????
• 80???????????????????????
• 90?????????????????,?????????????????
• ?????????????,???????????????????
• 2004??????????,????????????
• 2006???????????

??6?. ????4?????????,???????,??????????,????? ??
????????,??????????????, ?????????????????(??)???
??????,??985???????
18
??????????????????????5?(????4?),??(??)??5?,1????
????2?????????????
19
??????????

• ?????????????????????, ??5???,???4?,???4?
• ????? ????????????
• ?????? ???, ??????????
• ?????? ??????????
• ????? ??????????
• ????? ???????????????

20
????????????

• 1979?2003?,??????????????????????,?????????????,?
  ?????????
• 2003?,????????????(???8?)
• 2005?,???????????????
• 2007?,?????????????(???2?)?
• ?????????????(??78?,?????36?,???42?)

?????? 1 ?????(??,???) 2 ????????(??) 3
????????????(???) 4 ?????(???)
21
?????????????????

• ???????1995??????
• ???????????(5?,??2?,???3?)
• ???,???,??,???,???
• ???????AGN??
• ????????????
• ????????
• ????????

22
??????????

• ??
• ? 1990? ???????????
• ? 1991? ?????????
• ? 1993? ??????????????
• ? 2004? ???????????
• ? 2009? ???????????????
• ???????????????????
• INPAC??,??????????
• ? 2010? ??????????

????????? ??2???????1?(?)????1????1?????4?
???5?????1? 1)????????????????????????????,??????
???? 2)???????????????????????? 3)X?????????????
???????? 4)????????????????????????????????? 5)?
??????
23
??????????????

• ?????????????????2005?9??????????7?,????4?,???1?,?
  ?2??????5????????????,????
• ??????????????
• ????????????3?,????????????3?????,????????????????
  ????80???
• ??????1???????????
• ????2 ???????????????
• ????3 ???????????
• ?????????????35??????????????24?
• ?????????????????

24
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• ?????
• ???,42?,??????,??(??)
• ????(5?)
• ???,43?,??????,???
• ???,39?,??????,???
• ? ?, 28?,??????,???(??????)
• ???,52?,???
• ???,29?,??????,??
• ???????9?
• ???????????,??????

25
2. ?????

• ?????????????
• ????(?????-?????????)??300?(PhD)
• ????(?????)??100?(PhD)
• Princeton, Yale, Berkeley, Caltech, Tokyo
• ?? ???????
• 85???????
• ???????????
• ???????
• ??????

26
United States Astronomy Schools/Colleges and
Universities With Astronomy Degree Programs
U of Alabama U of Arizona Arizona State U
Ball State U Boston U U of Cal
Berkeley U of Cal Los Angeles U of Cal San
Diego U of Santa Barbara Cal Santa
Cruz Caltech Carnegie Mellon
U Case Westem Reserve U U of Chicago Colgate U U
of Colorado at Boulder DoAPlanetary
Sciences Columbia U Cornell
U Dartmouth College U of Delaware U of
Florida Georgia Sta Ohio U U of Hawaii U of
Hawaii at Hilo Howard U U of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign te U
Indiana U U of Iowa Iowa State
U John Hopkins U U of Kansas Kansas State U
Louisiana State U U of Louisville
Observatory U of Maryland U of Massachusetts at
Amherst MIT U of Michigan at Ann Arbor Michigan
State U Michigan Technological U DoPMinnesota
U, Mankato U of Missouri at Columbia U of
Montana Montana State U U of Nebraska U of
New Mexico New Mexico Institute of Mining and
Tech New Mexico State U SUNY at Stony Brook U of
North Carolina Northwestem U Ohio State U U of
Oklahoma
Oklahoma State U Penn State U U of
Pennsylvania U of Pittsburgh Pomona
College Princeton U DoAstrophysical
Sciences Rice U U of Rochester Rensselaer
Polytechnic Ins. San Diego State U State U of
New Jersey, Rutgers St. Cloud State U City
College of San Francisco Stanford U Swarthmore
College U of Texas at Austin Union College
Vanderbilt U Vassar College Villanova U U of
Virginia Virginia Tech U of Washington Washington
U in St. Louis Wellesley College Wesleyan
U Williams College U of Wisconsin at Madison Yale
U
27
??????????Association of Universities for
Research in Astronomy (AURA)
AURA 1. consortium
of universities, 2. educational / non-profit
institutions, 3. operates world-class
observatories 4. 34 U.S. institutions 6
international affiliates. 5. To promote
excellence in astronomical research by providing
access to state-of-the-art facilities."
AURA was founded in 1957, with the encouragement
of the National Science Foundation, by a group of
U.S. universities with a common interest to
create astronomical observing facilities that
would be available for use by all qualified
researchers from U.S. institutions and
universities on the basis of scientific merit.
28
??????????AURA???????
AURAs Major New Initiatives Giant Segmented
Mirror Telescope (GMT/TMT) Large Synoptic Survey
Telescope (LSST) Advanced Technology Solar
Telescope (ATST) James Webb Space Telescope
(JWST)

• AURA Astronomy Centers
• GEMINI OBSERVATORY
• NATIONAL OPTICAL ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY (NOAO)
• NATIONAL SOLAR OBSERVATORY (NSO)
• SPACE TELESCOPE SCIENCE INSTITUTE (STScI)
• AURA OBSERVATORY (AURA-O)

29
3.??????

• ?? ??????????
• ?????????,???????????
• ????????????????
• ??????????????
• ???????????
• ?????????????????

30

• ????????
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• ???????(??????,?????)
• ???
• ????
• ????(??,??)
• ?????
• ?????????(???????????)
• ??????,????????????????
• ????? ?AURA ???
• ??????????????,???AURA??,?????????