Development

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Development

• The last country case study before we look at
  unequal development

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Case study EthiopiaPage 104/5 in the textbook
these figures are more up to date

• Indicators (mostly 2008 estimate)
• Area 1,127,127 sq km
• Population 82,544,840
• GDP - per capita 800
• Birth rate 43.97 births/1,000 population
• Death rate 11.83 deaths/1,000 population
• Life expectancy at birth 54.99 years
• Infant mortality rate 82.64 deaths/1,000 live
  births
• People per doctor 33,300
• working in farming 80

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About Ethiopia

• As you may have noticed, Italy is obviously more
  developed than Brazil, but Ethiopia is very
  different indeed from either of them.
• Because of this, there is have a whole different
  set of data that the UN collect, in order to
  measure progress and to focus on what needs to be
  done in the very poor countries.
• For example, there is not real mileage to be
  gained in spending time and money looking at
  adult illiteracy or how many people live on less
  than 1 a day or who does not have piped water in
  the higher or even medium development index
  groups.
• But it is very important that we know this and
  other things about the poorest, so that we know
  what needs to be achieved. These special case
  places are LLEDCs what is that?

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About Ethiopia

• So for example we know that
• 40 of the people do not survive to 40 years of
  age
• 78 do not have access to clean water
• 38 of children are dangerously underweight for
  their age
• That 23 live on less than 1 a day and 78 live
  on less than 2 a day
• in s right now that is 1.50 and 3.00

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But why is Ethiopia like this?

• Remember, that most of the poorest countries have
  suffered long term conflict, either internally or
  with their neighbours.
• In the case of Ethiopia, it lost its coast when
  Eritrea broke away from it in 1993 after a long
  war.
• It has been fighting with Eritrea since until
  2002 when the border was finally establish.
• More recently, it has sent troupes into Sudan to
  help support the weak government there.
• During these times 13 of the GDP was spent on
  defence
• It has been subject to terrible droughts
  several this century as they are so dependent
  on agriculture, this rapidly leads to starvation
  and death, especially as the average calorie
  intake is so low.

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Why is development so unequal?What are the
reasons for such wide differences in development?
Why is there such a big development gap?
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Location

• Many LEDCs are located in the Tropics. This
  region experiences up to 100 tropical storms or
  hurricanes every year, causing widespread damage.
• Earthquakes and volcanoes are also major hazards.
• Often subject to widespread flooding or drought,
  especially in monsoon areas on the edge of the
  Tropics or in the arid, desert regions just
  outside the Tropics.
• Hot, wet conditions are excellent breeding
  grounds for disease-carrying insects like
  mosquitoes and for the spread of bacteria and
  viruses.

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Colonisation

• The act of colonizing the establishment of
  colonies "the British colonization of America.
• Colonisation of many countries in Africa, South
  America and Asia by European powers since the
  sixteenth century has left a long-lasting legacy.
  
• Many colonisers used raw materials from the
  countries they claimed to build their own
  industries, to the detriment of that country.
• They also established trade patterns, some of
  which still exist today.
• The countries were divided up in ways that suited
  the colonisers, which it more difficult for the
  independent countries to government themselves
  fairly.

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Echoes of the credit crunch

• Many LEDCs have been encouraged to borrow large
  sums of money from MEDCs and major global
  organisations.
• Paying back even the interest of these debts can
  account for up to a third of the countrys GDP.
• It was not until Make poverty history campaign
  culminating in July 2005 at G8 meeting at
  Gleneagles that this was really taken seriously.
• Much debt, and consequently the interest payments
  have been removed from the outgoings of those
  governments who have proved that they will use
  the money saved for development those that
  might still use the extra to buy arms have not
  been let off the hook.

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Moving on toUnequal Developmentwithin countries

• Page 108 in the textbook

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Differences within countries

• Not only do development levels vary between
  countries, they also vary within countries.
• This means that it is often concentrated in just
  one favoured region called the core, leaving
  other regions quite poor in comparison.
• These poorer regions are called the periphery.

What does that red line show? Where do you think
the core and the periphery is in the UK?
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We are going to look at Italy difference in
development in Italy. Anyone any idea what their
North-South divide might show?
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Yes, it is the case!!

• In Italy, the north, especially the Po basin, is
  the core region and is wealthier and more
  developed than the south.
• The south of Italy, called the Mezzogiorno, is
  the periphery.
• This means mean "midday" or "noon" and are
  applied in this manner because the sun is
  directly above the southern horizon at this time
  of day.

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North or South?
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North or South?
Sicily
Genoa
Naples
Milan
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North or South?
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North or South?
Genoa
Trani
Bari
Milan
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The North - Advantages

• Supplies of natural gas in the Po basin and HEP
  (electricity generated by water power) from the
  Alps.
• More jobs in industry and services.
• Fertile lowlands with irrigation water available.
• Large cities Milan, Turin and Genoa connected
  by an efficient transport system.
• Close to large European markets
• Better quality housing and services and higher
  standard of living.

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South - Disadvantages

• Mountainous relief makes communication difficult.
• The climate is hot and dry in summer with a few
  months drought.
• Heavy winter rainfall causes soil erosion and
  flooding.
• The rocks are mostly limestone and form thin
  soils.
• Low yield of wheat, olives and vines
• Poor quality grazing for sheep and goats.
• Poor transport, little industry, emigration.

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Issues

• Since the 1950s, the government has had a series
  of initiatives to improve the lot of those in the
  South.
• New motorways were built, giving work and
  improved communication
• New irrigation schemes were built to allow more
  reliable production of tomatoes, citrus fruits
  and vegetables.
• As we saw on the map, there are some centres of
  industry which were helped into existence by
  government grants.
• However, there is still one underlying problem
  that no-one likes to talk about the role of the
  Mafia in quite a lot of things.

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Here are the regions and the GDP per capita
within each region
Currently EU average 32,700 In the North gt
39,000 Sweden and Australia So those in the
South lt24,000 Malta and other poor European
countries
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Once the EU began, they putting funding into
under-developed areas

• All the shaded areas got EU Objective 1 funding
• Aims particularly to "narrow the gap between the
  development levels of the various regions"
• All these regions have a number of economic
  signals/indicators "in the red"
• low level of investment
• a higher than average unemployment rate
• lack of services for businesses and individuals
• poor basic infrastructure.

• The Structural Funds support the economic
  activities in these regions by providing them
  with the basic infrastructure they lack, whilst
  raising the level of trained human resources and
  encouraging investments in businesses.

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Despite all the efforts, the gap is still there
and getting wider

• Many people with any ambition leave the area,
  many to go to the North to earn some money
• But over the past 100 years, many more of those
  to went abroad, to the USA for example, were from
  these poorer regions than for the better off
  parts in the North.

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Homework

• Do another spider diagram mind map for Ethiopia
  remember the textbook it is quite good on
  this one
• Attach another sheet along side the Italy one to
  compare the north and south if you want to use
  some of the North- South pictures, open the PP
  and steal them!!
• For the really keen, there is also another 2
  files on the wiki. One, the pdf, is a full report
  by Sbilanciamoci! (which I cant say) showing how
  they have assessed the North-South divide and
  it is 52 pages long! The other is a 4-page word
  document by Lindy, which summarises the first
  one. These both look at other indicators to see
  exactly how the north and south are different.
• Evidence that you have done the work is all that
  is needed!! E.g. photo or message from parents
  or ???