Ecological Relationships

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Ecological Relationships

• Marine Biology

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What is Ecology? The
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• Ecology-
• the study of interactions between
• organisms and organisms
• organisms and their environment

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Factors that effect us
1. Abiotic Factors
Moisture
Wind/Air currents
Light
Temperature
Soil
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• A- stands for non
• Bio- stands for living
• Abiotic Factors- nonliving factors

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2. Biotic Factors
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• Biotic- Living factors

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Levels of Organization

• Individual- one organism (living)
• Ex a moose

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Levels of Organization

• Community- groups of different populations (more
  than one population or different groups of
  species)
• Ex many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass
  (all living)

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Levels of Organization

• Biome- group of ecosystems that have the same
  climate and similar dominant communities
• Biomes tropical rain forest, tropical dry
  forest, tropical savannah, temperate grassland,
  desert, temperate woodland and shrubland,
  temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest,
  boreal forest (taiga), tundra, mountains and ice
  caps

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IN AN ECOSYSTEM
Organisms live in a Habitat
Organisms fit into a Niche of the environment
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New Material!Habitat vs. Niche

• Habitat- an area where an organism lives
• Niche- an organisms role in its environment
• The Long Version ? full range of physical and
  biological conditions in which an organism lives
  and the way in which the organism uses those
  conditions. Includes where in the food chain it
  is, where an organism feeds
• Habitat is like an address in an ecosystem and a
  niche is like an occupation in an ecosystem.

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Community Interactions

• when organisms live together in an ecological
  community they interact constantly.
• Three types of interactions
• Competition
• Predation
• Symbiosis

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Competition- competing for resources

• occurs due to a limited number of resources
• Resource- any necessity of life. water,
  nutrients, light, food.
• Competitive exclusion principle- no two species
  can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at
  the same time

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Predation

• Predation- when an organism captures and feeds on
  another organism.
• Predator- hunter
• Prey- hunted

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Symbiosis

• Symbiosis- any relationship where two species
  live closely together. (3 types)
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Parasitism

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Symbiosis

• Mutualism- both species benefit from a
  relationship.
• Lichens (fungus and Algae)

One example is the lichens, little non-descript
patches of stuff you see growing on rocks and
tree bark. This is a symbiosis, consisting of a
fungus and an alga. The fungus provides a
protective home for the algae, and gathers
mineral nutrients from rainwater and from
dissolving the rock underneath. The alga gathers
energy from the sun. There are thousands of
species of lichen in the world actually
thousands of species of fungi with just a few
species of algae which can form a partnership
with almost any of them.
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Symbiosis

• Commensalism One member of a symbiotic
  relationship benefits and the other is neither
  helped or harmed
• Ex. Holes used by bluebirds in a tree were
  chiseled out by woodpeckers after it has been
  abandoned .

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Symbiosis

• Parasitism- One creature benefits and one
  creature is harmed
• Ex tapeworm. Feeds in a humans intestines
  absorbing his/her nutrients.

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Relationships
Symbiosis Living Together
a) commensalism
b) mutualism
c) parasitism
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Identify these relationships
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Graphic Organizer

• Use the text as needed to provide marine
  organisms interactions as examples of ecological
  relationships.

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Test Yourself!

• Answer 1-3 on page 531

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Ecology Review Slides Below

• Use as needed to mastery ecology content.
• Cycles and Succession Included

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ENERGY FLOW
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
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Energy Flow (Trophic Levels)

• Producers- make their own food

• Consumers- get energy from consuming producers

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Producers

• Producers- capture energy from sunlight or
  chemicals and use the energy to produce food.
• Producers are autotrophs- they make food from
  their environment

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2 main types of autotrophs

• Another type gets energy without light- by
  chemosynthesis

• One type gets energy from the sun-by
  photosynthesis

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Consumers

• Consumers are heterotrophs- get energy from other
  organisms

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Types of Consumers

• Herbivores- eat only plants
• Carnivores- eat animals
• Omnivores- eat both plants and animals
• Detritivores- eat dead matter (plants and animals)

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Feeding Relationships

• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
  direction from
• 1. the sun or inorganic compounds
• 2. To autotrophs (producers)
• 3. To heterotrophs (consumers)
• Decomposers get energy from decomposing dead
  organisms

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Food Chain- a series of steps in which organisms
transfer energy by eating or being eaten.

• Food Web- A network of feeding relationships.
• (More realistic that a food chain)

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Food Web
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They can become very complex!
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Trophic levels

• Each step in a food chain or a food web is called
  a trophic level.
• Producers are the first trophic level
• Consumers are the second, third, or higher
  trophic level
• Each trophic level depends on the one below for
  energy

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Energy Pyramid

• Only part of the energy stored in one level can
  be passed to the next- most energy is consumed
  for life processes (respiration, movement, etc.,
  and heat is given off)
• Only 10 of the energy available within one
  trophic level is transferred to organisms in the
  next trophic level

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Biomass Pyramid

• Biomass- the total amount of living tissue within
  a given trophic level.
• A biomass pyramid represents the amount of
  potential food available for each trophic level
  in an ecosystem.

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Energy Losses

• Energy transfers are never 100 percent efficient
• Some energy is lost at each step
• Limits the number of trophic levels in an
  ecosystem
• Energy flow is a one way path! (not a cycle)

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All Heat in the End

• At each trophic level, the bulk of the energy
  received from the previous level is used in
  metabolism
• This energy is released as heat energy and lost
  to the ecosystem
• Eventually, all energy is released as heat

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Biogeochemical Cycles(Matter moving through the
environment)

• All living organisms need certain
  elements/compounds for life processes
• Ex your cells need C,H,O,P,N S in order to
  live and reproduce (make more cell)
• Cycles in nature keep these elements moving
  from organisms to organism (and sometimes into
  the atmosphere)

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Biogeochemical Cycles(Matter moving through the
environment)

• The flow of a nutrient from the environment to
  living organisms and back to the environment
• Main reservoir for the nutrient is in the
  environment
• Transfer rates to and from reservoir are usually
  lower than the rates of exchange between and
  among organisms.
• Matter is recycled through an ecosystem not one
  way flow

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Three Categories

• Hydrologic cycle
• Water
• Atmospheric cycles
• Nitrogen and carbon
• Sedimentary cycles
• Phosphorus and sulfur

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CYCLES IN NATURE
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Carbon Cycle

• Carbon moves through the atmosphere and food webs
  on its way to and from the ocean, sediments, and
  rocks
• Sediments and rocks are the main reservoir

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Carbon Cycle
diffusion
Atmosphere
Bicarbonate, carbonate
Terrestrial Rocks
Land Food Webs
Marine food webs
Soil Water
Peat, Fossil Fuels
Marine Sediments
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Carbon in the Oceans

• Most carbon in the ocean is dissolved carbonate
  and bicarbonate
• Ocean currents carry dissolved carbon

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Carbon in Atmosphere

• Atmospheric carbon is mainly carbon dioxide
• Carbon dioxide is added to atmosphere
• Aerobic respiration, volcanic action, burning
  fossil fuels, decomposition of organic materials
• Removed by photosynthesis

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Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen is used in amino acids and nucleic acids
  (all living organism need nitrogen to make
  proteins)
• Main reservoir is nitrogen gas in the atmosphere
• Decomposers are vital to convert ammonia into
• usable nitrites nitrates for plants (nitrogen
  fixation)
• nitrogen gas (denitrification puts it back
  into the atmosphere)

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Phosphorus Cycle

• Phosphorus is part of phospholipids and all
  nucleotides
• What are these?
• It is the most prevalent limiting factor in
  ecosystems
• Main reservoir is Earths crust no gaseous phase
  (it never enters the atmosphere like carbon and
  nitrogen)

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Phosphorus Cycle
mining
FERTILIZER
excretion
GUANO
agriculture
weathering
uptake by autotrophs
uptake by autotrophs
weathering
LAND FOOD WEBS
DISSOLVED IN OCEAN WATER
MARINE FOOD WEBS
DISSOLVED IN SOILWATER, LAKES, RIVERS
death, decomposition
death, decomposition
leaching, runoff
sedimentation
setting out
uplifting over geolgic time
ROCKS
MARINE SEDIMENTS
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Chapter 3 Communities Biomes

• Vocabulary to Know
• Limiting Factor
• Succession
• Primary
• Secondary
• Climax Community

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Community

• All the populations that live together in a
  habitat
• Habitat is the type of place where individuals of
  a species typically live
• Type of habitat shapes a communitys structure

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Limiting Factors

• Definition?

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What factors would limit these communities?
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What is Succession what causes it?

• Changes to a community

• Biotic Factor
• Abiotic Factors

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2 Types of succession

• Primary
• From nothing
• Even the soil must be created
• Secondary
• From soil
• Disaster can strike and make it start over

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Primary Succession