Theory of Computer Science Basic components of a computer

1
Theory of Computer Science Basic components of a
computer

• Gate (logical Gate)
• Flip-flop
• Register
• Memory
• Arithmetic-Logic Unit -ALU
• Central Processing Unit - CPU
• Decoder and encoder

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Electronic parts (transistors, resistors) -gt
  Gates
• Gates -gt Flip-flop
• Gates -gt Decoder and encoder
• Gates Flip-flops -gt Register
• Gates Flip-flops -gt Memory
• Gates Flip-flops -gt Arithmetic-Logic Unit -
  ALU
• Registers Memory ALU Bus connection -gt
• Central Processing Unit - CPU
• CPU Memory Input/Output devices -gt computer

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Central Processing Unit - CPU

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Gates
• Binary variable
• ? Binary arithmetic is the basis notation in the
  computer technique
• ? Binary variable have only 2 values called bits
  0 and 1
• ? The basic components of the computer realize
  the operations on single bit
• ? Basic Gates
• ? the negation NOT
• ? the logical sum OR
• ? the logical product AND
• ? the negation of the sum NOR
• ? the negation the products NAND
• ? the sum modulo 2 XOR

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of negation NOT
• ? The logical function
• ? The change of the entrance signal x on opposite

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of logical sum OR
• ? The logical function z x y
• ? Exit signal y equal 0 only when there are 0 on
  both entries

x y z
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of logical sum OR
• ? The logical function z x y
• ? Exit signal y equal 0 only when there are 0 on
  both entries

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of logical product AND
• ? The logical function zxy
• ? Exit signal y equal 1 only when there are 1 on
  both entries

x y z
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of logical product AND
• ? The logical function zxy
• ? Exit signal y equal 1 only when there are 1 on
  both entries

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of negation of the sum NOR
• ? The logical function
• ? Exit signal y equal 1 only when there are 0 on
  both entries

x y z
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of negation of the sum NOR
• ? The logical function
• ? Exit signal y equal 1 only when there are 0 on
  both entries

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of negation the products NAND
• ? The logical function
• ? Exit signal y equal 0 only when there are 1 on
  both entries

x y z
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of negation the products NAND
• ? The logical function
• ? Exit signal y equal 0 only when there are 1 on
  both entries

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of sum modulo 2 XOR
• ? The logical function
• ? Exit signal y equal 1 only when there is one on
  exactly one entry

x y z
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Gate of sum modulo 2 XOR
• ? The logical function
• ? Exit signal y equal 1 only when there is one on
  exactly one entry

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The de Morgan statement

x y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The de Morgan statement

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The flip-flop
• ? The system having of 2 stable states (Q and
  negation of Q)
• ? The changes of state, from one to second, can
  be made by short impulse to the flip- flop, from
  outside
• ? Uses to remember information, where capacity is
  equal of 1 bit (using 1 flip-flop we can store 1
  bit information only))
• ? not only current values on enter, decide what
  is the value on exit of flip- flop, but also the
  previous state of the flip-flop

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The SR flip-flop
• ? The entry placing s (set)
• ? The entry resetting r (reset)
• ? The state, when both entries equal 1 is
  forbidden

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer
The SR flip-flop - 0 and 0 doesnt change anything
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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The construction of the flip-flop sr example of
  realization with uses of 2 gates (nor)

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The construction of the flip-flop sr
• remember that 1 and 1 on entry is
  forbidden

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The flip-flop jk

j k Qn Qn1
0 0 0







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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The flip-flop jk

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Register
• ? The set of flip-flops, designed to storage, the
  digital information
• ? Sequence and Parallel
• ? Realization of the writing to the parallel
  register
• - with preliminary resetting
• - with the pushed entry

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Register
• Example of parallel register with preliminary
  resetting
• Before we send data from
• one register to next, it is
• necessary to reset, the
• previous values, stored
• in second register.

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Register
• Example of parallel register with the pushed
  entry
• Resetting is made automatically
• When is 1 we have signal set
• When is 0 we have signal reset

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Bus connection
• ? Set of wires, attached in the moment of
  beginning, of sending the value, to individual
  exits, of the flip-flops and source
• ? Applied for making possible of sending the
  values, between several registers
• ? The signal is spreads through the wire with the
  limited speed
• ? The bus connection is so-called the long line

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The distortion of signals on the Bus connection

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Horizontal and impulse signals

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Sending the value between Registers

(C) ? A wyc, wea from (C) in to A (C) ? B
wyc, web wy horizontal signal we impulse
signal
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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Coding and decoding change from one way, of
  representation the information, to different.
• The decoder

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Coding and decoding
• Using binary values, we can store data in 2 ways
• 1. For a set of data, we have the some number of
  binary values so its one to one.
• 2. For a set of data, we have combination of
  binary values.
• So having n binary values, we can write n data,
  using first way, and
• using second way. Using second, way we can write
  more different data, but we need to code and
  decode the information.

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The encoder The table of dependence for
  encoder and decoder

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The equation of variables, for encoder and
  decoder
• z0L1L3L5L7
• z1L2L3L6L7
• z2L4L5L6L7

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The realization of encoder and decoder with the
  use of gates

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The summary
• ? the basis of binary arithmetic
• ? the logical gates
• ? the flip-flops
• ? the registers
• ? the bus connection
• ? the encoders and decoders

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The Arithmetic-Logic Unit - ALU
• ? Part of processor that make arithmetic and
  logic operation on data.
• ? The basis of binary arithmetic
• In computers is applied the binary system of
  the representation of integer values, (the mode
  of replenishment, supplement up 2)
• ? The basic operation in ALU is the addition
• ? Subtraction is addition of the opposite number
• ? The multiplication is the multiple addition of
  the same number

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Basic components of Arithmetic-Logic Unit ALU
• ? Two techniques of the realization of the
  operation on machine words (n bits n length
  of register )
• ? sequence (old one bit by bit)
• ? parallel (operation on n bits in the some
  time)
• ? The single module (elementary operator)
  operates on the single bit of the arguments)
• ? The register of the accumulator, keeps the
  results of the operation (sometimes is also one
  of value)

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The versions of the Arithmetic-Logic Unit
• ? 2-entrance
• ? With the accumulator as the argument

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Arithmetic-Logic Unit
• ? With the accumulator as the argument

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Operations in Arithmetic-Logic Unit - ALU
• ? The rewriting przep (in) ? AK
• ? The negation not (in) ? AK
• ? Logical sum or (Ak) Ú (in) ? AK
• ? Logical product and (Ak) (in) ? AK
• ? The addition dod (Ak) (in) ? AK
• ? The subtraction ode (Ak)-(in) ? AK
• weak

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The example realization of Arithmetic-Logic Unit
  ALU
• for the single bit

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The operating memory
• Definition of the operating memory
• The technical device, enabling of receiving and
  recording the data, and then
• their inserting, at any moment, to the existing
  computational process.
• Devices that store the programs and data,
  required by the processors.

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• The operating memory - Feature of computer
  memory
• Capacity Byte B 1KB 1024B 1MB1024KB 1GB1024M
  B
• Performance
• Access time (of writing and reading)
• Transfer rate
• Physical type
• Semiconductor ROM, RAM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
• Magnetic hard drive disc - HDD
• Optical DVD
• Physical characteristic
• volatile / nonvolatile
• erasable / nonerasable
• Location CPU Internal External

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Symbolic of computer operating memory

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Sending the value between registers and memory
  few examples
• (S) ? (A) writing to the memory
• ((A)) ? S reading from memory
• (S) ? 7 writing to the memory to address 7
• (3) ? S reading from memory from address 3
• 5 ? 2 writing the value 5 to the memory to
  address 2
• (3) ? 2 copy data from memory address 3 to the
  memory to address 2

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Sending the value between registers and memory
  few examples
• (R1) ? R2 sending value from R1 to R2
• ((R1)) ?R2 value in R1, is an address of data,
• that is in the memory, and we need to send
• this data - this value, to R2
• (((R1))) ?R2 value in R1, is an address of
  data1
• in the memory, and this data1 is an address of
  data2
• in the memory, and we need to send this data2
• - this value, to R2
• R1 ? R2 impossible to send R1 to R2 we can
  only send the value from R1 (R1)

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Theory of Computer Science - Basic components
of a computer

• Semiconductor memory
• Volatile
• ? RAM (Random Access Memory) (writing and
  reading possible)
• Nonvolatile
• ? ROM (Read Only Memory)
• ? PROM (one chance to write data then only
  reading possible)
• ? EPROM, EEPROM (writing and reading possible
  many times)