1978

1
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• ?????? 3 ? 4

2
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
in Memory of Alfred Nobel

• 1978 Herbert A. Simon for his pioneering
  research into the decision-making process within
  economic organizations
• 1991 Ronald H. Coase for his discovery and
  clarification of the significance of transaction
  costs and property rights for the institutional
  structure and functioning of the economy
• 1993 Robert W. Fogel, Douglas C. North for
  having renewed research in economic history by
  applying economic theory and quantitative methods
  in order to explain economic and institutional
  change
• 1994 John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr.,
  Reinhard Selten for their pioneering analysis
  of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative
  games
• 2001 George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence,
  Jozeph E. Stiglitz for their analysis of
  markets with asymmetric information
• 2002 Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith for
  having integrated insights from psychological
  research into economic science, especially
  concerning human judgement and decision-making
  under uncertainty
• 2005 Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling
  for having enhanced our understanding of
  conflict and cooperation through game theory
  analysis 
• 2009 Elinor Ostrom for her analysis of
  economic governance, especially the commons,
  Oliver E. Williamson for his analysis of
  economic governance, especially the boundaries of
  the firm

3
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4
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• ???? (1937)
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5
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  ?? ? ??????????, ? ? ?????, ??????? ?? ???????
  ????? ???????????.

6
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Ex ante
Ex post
7
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9
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10
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11
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12
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13
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14
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• ??? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????
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15
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16
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17
???? ? ?????????????? ????????

• ???????? ? ????????????? ????????
• Greif (1989)
• ????????????? ????????, ?????????? ??????????,
  ?????????????? ???????????????? ???????????
• ????????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ???????
  credible commitment
• ???????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????
• Uzzi, 1996, Fashion industry, NYC
• ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????????
  ?????? ? ?????? (???????, ???????? ??????????,
  ?????????? ??????? ???????)
• ? ????, ? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??????
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• Pellizzari (2004)
• ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??
  ????????????? (? ????? ??????, ? ?????
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• informal contacts are a better channel to
  transmit information between job applicants and
  potential employers and should therefore lead to
  matches of better quality that pay higher wages
• ??????? ?? ????????????? ????? ?????,
  ???????????? ????????? ????? (???? ????????), ?
  ??.

18
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19
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• Jones, Hesterly, Borgatti (1997)
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• ? convergence of expectations
• ? common language
• ? rules for behavior
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20
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22
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23
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25
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40
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