Splash Screen

1
Splash Screen
2
Section 1-7
The German Path to War

• Adolf Hitler believed that Germany could build a
  great civilization. ?

• To do this, Germany needed more land to support
  more German people. ?
• He wanted lands in the east in the Soviet Union
  and prepared for war. ?
• His plan was to use the land for German
  settlements. ?
• The Slavic people would become slaves.

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Section 1-8
The German Path to War (cont.)

• Hitler proposed that Germany be able to revise
  the unfair provisions of the Treaty of Versailles
  that had ended World War I. ?

• At first he said he would use peaceful means. ?
• However, in March of 1935, he created a new air
  force and began a military draft.

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4
Section 1-9
The German Path to War (cont.)

• France, Great Britain, and Italy condemned
  Hitlers moves. ?

• Due to problems at home caused by the Great
  Depression, however, they were not prepared to
  take action. ?
• Hitler became convinced that the Western states
  would not stop him from breaking the provisions
  of the Treaty of Versailles.

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5
Section 1-10
The German Path to War (cont.)

• In March of 1936, Hitler sent German troops into
  the Rhineland, which was supposed to be a
  demilitarized area. ?

• France would not oppose Germany for this treaty
  violation without British support. ?
• Great Britain saw Hitlers actions as reasonable
  and therefore did not call for a military
  response.

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Section 1-11
The German Path to War (cont.)

• This was the beginning of the policy of
  appeasement, one based on the belief that if
  European states satisfied the reasonable demands
  of dissatisfied states, the dissatisfied states
  would be content, and peace would be preserved.

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Section 1-12
The German Path to War (cont.)

• Hitler gained new allies. ?

• Benito Mussolini was the Fascist leader of Italy.
  ?
• He invaded Ethiopia in 1935 with the support of
  German troops. ?
• In 1936, both Italy and Germany sent troops to
  Spain to support General Francisco Franco.

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8
Section 1-13
The German Path to War (cont.)

• Later in the year, Hitler and Mussolini became
  allies and formed the Rome-Berlin Axis. ?

• Germany also signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with
  Japan forming an alliance against communism.

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Section 1-14
The German Path to War (cont.)

• By 1937, Germany had become a very powerful
  nation. ?

• In 1938, Hitler pursued a long-held goal, union
  with Austria, or Anschluss. ?
• By threatening to invade Austria, Hitler forced
  the Austrians to put Austrian Nazis in charge of
  the government. ?
• The new government then invited German troops
  into Austria to help maintain order. ?
• Hitler then annexed Austria to Germany.

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10
Section 1-15
The German Path to War (cont.)

• In 1938, Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland in
  northwestern Czechoslovakia be given to Germany. ?

• The British, French, Italian, and German
  representatives then met in Munich. ?
• Britain, France, and Italy gave in to all of
  Hitlers demands. ?
• German troops were allowed into Czechoslovakia.

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11
Section 1-16
The German Path to War (cont.)

• After the Munich Conference, the British prime
  minister, Neville Chamberlain, announced that the
  settlement meant peace for our time. ?

• He believed Hitlers promises that Germany would
  make no more demands. ?
• After Munich, Hitler was even more convinced that
  France and Great Britain would not fight. ?
• In March of 1939, Hitler invaded western
  Czechoslovakia, and made a Nazi puppet state out
  of Slovakia in eastern Czechoslovakia.

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12
Section 1-17
The German Path to War (cont.)

• France and Great Britain began to react. Great
  Britain said it would protect Poland if Hitler
  invaded. ?

• France and Britain began negotiations with Joseph
  Stalin, the Soviet dictator. ?
• They knew that they would need the Soviet Union
  to help contain the Nazis.

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13
Section 1-18
The German Path to War (cont.)

• Hitler was afraid of an alliance between the West
  and the Soviet Union. ?

• In August of 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union
  signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. ?
• They promised not to attack each other. ?
• Hitler offered Stalin eastern Poland and the
  Baltic states. ?
• Hitler knew that eventually he would break the
  pact. ?
• However, it enabled him to invade Poland without
  fear.

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Section 1-19
The German Path to War (cont.)

• On September 1, Germany invaded Poland. ?

• Two days later, Great Britain and France declared
  war on Germany.

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15
Section 1-21
The Japanese Path to War

• In September 1931, Japanese soldiers seized
  Manchuria. ?

• The Japanese claimed that the Chinese had
  attacked them. ?
• In fact, the Japanese had staged the attack
  themselves disguised as Chinese soldiers. ?
• When the League of Nations investigated and
  condemned the attack, Japan withdrew from the
  league. ?
• For several years, Japan strengthened its hold on
  Manchuria, which it renamed Manchukuo.

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Section 1-22
The Japanese Path to War (cont.)

• By the mid-1930s, militants had gained control of
  Japanese politics. ?

• The United States opposed the Japanese takeover
  of Manchuria but did nothing to stop it.

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Section 1-23
The Japanese Path to War (cont.)

• Chiang Kai-shek tried to avoid a war with Japan. ?

• He was more concerned with the threat from the
  Chinese Communists. ?
• He tried to appease Japan by allowing the
  Japanese to occupy parts of northern China. ?
• Japan moved steadily southward. ?
• In December 1936, Chiang formed a united front
  against the Japanese.

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Section 1-24
The Japanese Path to War (cont.)

• In July 1937, the Chinese and Japanese clashed
  south of Beijing. ?

• The Japanese seized the capital of Nanjing. ?
• Chiang Kai-shek refused to surrender and moved
  the capital.

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Section 1-25
The Japanese Path to War (cont.)

• Japanese military leaders wanted to establish a
  New Order in East Asia. ?

• The order would include Japan, Manchuria, and
  China. ?
• The Japanese thought that, as the only modernized
  country, they could guide the other East Asian
  nations to prosperity.

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Section 1-26
The Japanese Path to War (cont.)

• The Japanese planned to seize Soviet Siberia. ?

• During the 1930s, Japan began to cooperate with
  Nazi Germany. ?
• The Japanese thought that they and Germany could
  defeat the Soviet Union and divide its resources.

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21
Section 1-27
The Japanese Path to War (cont.)

• The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact forced the
  Japanese to rethink their goals. ?

• The Japanese needed natural resources. ?
• They looked to expand into Southeast Asia for
  sources. ?
• At the same time they knew that they risked
  strong response from European colonial powers and
  the United States. ?
• They decided to take the risk.

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Section 1-28
The Japanese Path to War (cont.)

• In 1940, the Japanese demanded the right to
  exploit economic resources in French Indochina. ?

• The United States responded by imposing economic
  sanctions, or restrictions on trade that are
  intended to enforce international law, unless
  Japan withdrew to its borders of 1931.

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Section 1-29
The Japanese Path to War (cont.)

• The Japanese badly needed oil and scrap iron from
  the United States. ?

• The economic sanctions were a very real threat.
  In the end, after long debate, Japan decided to
  launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European
  colonies in Southeast Asia.

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24
Section 2-7
Europe at War

• The 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany took just
  four weeks. ?

• The speed and efficiency of the German army
  stunned the world. ?
• Called blitzkrieg (lightning war), the Germans
  used panzer divisions (strike forces of about 300
  tanks and soldiers) that were supported by
  airplanes. ?
• On September 28, 1939, Germany and the Soviet
  Union divided Poland.

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Section 2-8
Europe at War (cont.)

• In the spring of 1940, Hitler invaded Denmark and
  Norway. ?

• In May, Germany attacked the Netherlands,
  Belgium, and France. ?
• The German armies broke through French lines and
  moved across northern France. ?
• The French had fortified their border with
  Germany along the Maginot Line, but the Germans
  surprised them by going around it.

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Section 2-9
Europe at War (cont.)

• The Germans trapped the entire British army and
  French forces on the beaches of Dunkirk. ?

• The British navy and private boats were able to
  evacuate 338,000 Allied troops, barely averting a
  complete disaster.

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Section 2-10
Europe at War (cont.)

• On June 22, the French signed an armistice with
  the Germans, who occupied three-fifths of France.
  ?

• An authoritarian French regime under German
  control was set up to govern the rest of the
  country. ?
• Led by Marshal Henri Pétain, it was named Vichy
  France. ?
• Germany now controlled western and central
  Europe. ?
• Only Britain remained undefeated.

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Section 2-11
Europe at War (cont.)

• The British asked the United States for help. ?

• The United States had a strict policy of
  isolationism. ?
• A series of neutrality acts passed in the 1930s
  prevented the United States from involvement in
  European conflicts. ?
• Though President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced
  the Germans, the United States did nothing at
  first.

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Section 2-12
Europe at War (cont.)

• Roosevelt wanted to repeal the neutrality acts
  and help Great Britain. ?

• Over time, the laws were slowly relaxed, and the
  United States sent food, ships, planes, and
  weapons to Britain.

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Section 2-13
Europe at War (cont.)

• Hitler understood that he could not attack
  Britain by sea unless he first controlled the
  air. ?

• In August 1940, the LuftwaffeGerman air
  forcebegan a major bombing offensive against
  military targets in Britain. ?
• Aided by a good radar system, the British fought
  back but suffered critical losses.

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Section 2-14
Europe at War (cont.)

• In September, Hitler retaliated to a British
  attack on Berlin by shifting attacks from
  military targets to British cities. ?

• He hoped to break British morale. However, the
  shift in strategy allowed the British to rebuild
  their air power and inflict crippling losses on
  the Germans. ?
• Having lost the Battle of Britain, Hitler
  postponed the invasion of Britain indefinitely at
  the end of September.

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Section 2-15
Europe at War (cont.)

• Hitler was convinced that the way to defeat
  Britain was to first smash the Soviet Union. ?

• He thought that the British were resisting only
  because they were expecting Soviet support. ?
• He also thought that the Soviets could be easily
  defeated. ?
• He planned to invade in the spring of 1941 but
  was delayed by problems in the Balkans.

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Section 2-16
Europe at War (cont.)

• After the Italians had failed to capture Greece
  in 1940, the British still held air bases there. ?

• Hitler seized Greece and Yugoslavia in April 1941.

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Section 2-17
Europe at War (cont.)

• Then Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in June
  1941. ?

• The attack on the Soviet Union stretched out for
  1,800 miles. ?
• German troops moved quickly and captured two
  million Russian soldiers by November. ?
• The Germans were within 25 miles of Moscow.

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Section 2-18
Europe at War (cont.)

• However, winter came early in 1941 and, combined
  with fierce Russian resistance, forced the
  Germans to halt. ?

• This marked the first time in the war that the
  Germans had been stopped. ?
• The Germans were not equipped for the bitter
  Russian winter. ?
• In December, the Soviet army counterattacked.

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Section 2-20
Japan at War

• On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the
  U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. ?

• They also attacked the Philippines and the
  British colony of Malaya. ?
• Soon after, they invaded the Dutch East Indies
  and other islands in the Pacific Ocean. ?
• In spite of some fierce resistance in places such
  as the Philippines, by the spring of 1942, the
  Japanese controlled almost all of Southeast Asia
  and much of the western Pacific.

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Section 2-21
Japan at War (cont.)

• The Japanese created the Greater East-Asia
  Coprosperity Sphere, which included the entire
  region under Japanese control. ?

• Japan announced its intention to liberate
  colonial nations in Southeast Asia, but it first
  needed their natural resources. ?
• The Japanese treated the occupied countries as
  conquered lands.

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Section 2-22
Japan at War (cont.)

• The Japanese thought that their attacks on the
  U.S. fleet would destroy the U.S. Navy and lead
  the Americans to accept Japanese domination in
  the Pacific. ?

• However, the attack on Pearl Harbor had the
  opposite effect. ?
• It united the American people and convinced the
  nation that it should enter the war against Japan.

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Section 2-23
Japan at War (cont.)

• Hitler thought that the Americans would be too
  involved in the Pacific to fight in Europe. ?

• Four days after Pearl Harbor, he declared war on
  the United States. ?
• World War II had become a global war.

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Section 2-25
The Allies Advance

• A new coalition was formed called the Grand
  Alliance. ?

• It included Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and
  the United States. ?
• The three nations agreed to focus on military
  operations and ignore political differences. ?
• They agreed in 1943 to fight until the Axis
  PowersGermany, Italy, and Japansurrendered
  unconditionally.

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Section 2-26
The Allies Advance (cont.)

• At the beginning of 1942, the Germans continued
  to fight the war against Britain and the Soviet
  Union. ?

• The Germans were also fighting in North Africa. ?
• The Afrika Korps under General Erwin Rommel broke
  through British lines in Egypt and advanced on
  Alexandria. ?
• During the spring, the Germans captured the
  entire Crimea in the Soviet Union.

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Section 2-27
The Allies Advance (cont.)

• By the fall of 1942, the war had turned against
  the Germans. ?

• In the summer of 1942, the British in North
  Africa had stopped the Germans at El Alamein. ?
• The Germans retreated. ?
• In November, British and American forces invaded
  French North Africa and forced the German and
  Italian troops to surrender by May.

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Section 2-28
The Allies Advance (cont.)

• On the Eastern Front, Hitler decided to attack
  Stalingrad, a major Soviet industrial center. ?

• Between November 1942 and February 1943 the
  Soviets counterattacked. ?
• They surrounded the Germans and cut off their
  supply lines. ?
• In May, the Germans were forced to surrender. ?
• They lost some of their best troops. ?
• Hitler then realized that he would not defeat the
  Soviet Union.

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Section 2-29
The Allies Advance (cont.)

• In 1942, the Allies had their first successes in
  the Pacific. ?

• In the Battle of the Coral Sea in May, American
  naval forces stopped the Japanese and saved
  Australia from invasion. ?
• In June, the Battle of Midway Island was the
  turning point in the Pacific war. ?
• U.S. planes destroyed four Japanese aircraft
  carriers and established naval superiority.

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Section 2-30
The Allies Advance (cont.)

• By the fall of 1942, Allied forces were about to
  begin two major operation plans against Japan. ?

• One, led by General Douglas MacArthur, would move
  into the Philippines through New Guinea and the
  South Pacific Islands. ?
• The other would move across the Pacific,
  capturing some of the Japanese-held islands and
  ending up in Japan. ?
• By November 1942, after fierce battles in the
  Solomon Islands, the Japanese power was
  diminishing.

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Section 2-32
Last Years of the War

• By early 1943, the tide had turned against the
  Axis forces. ?

• In May, the Axis forces surrendered in Tunisia. ?
• The Allies then moved north and invaded Italy in
  September. ?
• Winston Churchill called Italy the soft
  underbelly of Europe.

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Section 2-33
Last Years of the War (cont.)

• After the Allies captured Sicily, Mussolini was
  removed from office. ?

• The king arrested him. ?
• A new Italian government offered to surrender to
  the Allies. ?
• However, the Germans rescued Mussolini and set
  him up as dictator of a puppet German state in
  northern Italy.

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Section 2-34
Last Years of the War (cont.)

• The Germans established a strong defense south of
  Rome. ?

• The Allies had very heavy casualties as they
  slowly advanced north. ?
• They did not take Rome until June 4, 1944. ?
• The Allies had long been planning a second
  front in western Europe. ?
• They planned to invade France from Great Britain
  across the English Channel. ?
• On June 6, 1944 (D-Day), the Allies under U.S.
  General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the
  beaches in Normandy.

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Section 2-35
Last Years of the War (cont.)

• Though the Germans were expecting the invasion to
  take place in another location, there was still
  heavy resistance. ?

• However, because the Germans thought the invasion
  was a diversion, they were slow to respond. ?
• This gave the Allies the chance to set up a
  beachhead. ?
• By landing two million men and a half-million
  vehicles, the Allies eventually broke through the
  German lines.

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Section 2-36
Last Years of the War (cont.)

• After the breakout, the Allies moved south and
  east. ?

• French resistance fighters rose up in
  German-occupied Paris. ?
• Paris was liberated by the end of August. In
  March of 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine
  River. ?
• In the north they linked up with the Soviet army
  that was moving from the east.

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Section 2-37
Last Years of the War (cont.)

• The Soviets had turned the tables on the Germans
  in 1943. ?

• They soundly defeated German troops in July at
  the Battle of Kursk in a huge tank battle. ?
• Then they moved steadily westward. ?
• By the end of 1943, they had reoccupied Ukraine.
  ?
• By early 1944, they had moved into the Baltic
  states.

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Section 2-38
Last Years of the War (cont.)

• In the north, Soviet troops occupied Warsaw in
  January 1945 and entered Berlin in April. ?

• Along a southern front, the Soviets swept through
  Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.

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Section 2-39
Last Years of the War (cont.)

• By January 1945, Hitler had moved into an
  underground bunker in Berlin. ?

• In the end he blamed the Jews for the war. ?
• On April 30, he committed suicide. ?
• Two days before, Italian partisansresistance
  fightershad shot Mussolini. ?
• On May 7, 1945, German commanders surrendered,
  and the war in Europe was over.

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Section 2-40
Last Years of the War (cont.)

• The war in Asia continued. Beginning in 1943, the
  Allied forces had gone on the offensive and moved
  across the Pacific. ?

• As the Allies came closer to the Japanese home
  islands in 1945, U.S. president Harry S Truman
  decided to drop atomic bombs on Japanese cities.
  ?
• He hoped that this would avoid an invasion of
  Japan. ?
• The first bomb was dropped on the city of
  Hiroshima on August 6.

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Section 2-41
Last Years of the War (cont.)

• Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on
  Nagasaki. ?

• Both cities were completely destroyed. ?
• Thousands died immediately, and thousands more
  died later of radiation sickness. ?
• The Japanese surrendered on August 14.

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Section 2-42
Last Years of the War (cont.)

• World War II was over. ?

• Seventeen million people had died in battle in
  World War II. ?
• Some estimate that, including civilian losses, as
  many as fifty million people died in the war.

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Section 3-7
The New Order in Europe

• In 1942, the Nazis controlled Europe from the
  English Channel in the west to near Moscow in the
  east. ?

• While Germany annexed some areas, most were run
  by military or civilian officials with help from
  local citizens who supported them.

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Section 3-8
The New Order in Europe (cont.)

• The Nazis were especially ruthless in eastern
  Europe. ?

• The Nazis saw the Slavic peoples as racially
  inferior. ?
• The Nazis wanted the lands for German settlers. ?
• Soon after they conquered Poland, they began to
  put their plans for an Aryan racial empire into
  action.

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Section 3-9
The New Order in Europe (cont.)

• Heinrich Himmler, the SS leader, was put in
  charge of German resettlement plans in the east. ?

• This meant to move Slavic people out and replace
  them with Germans. ?
• Beginning in western Poland, the Germans moved
  one million Poles to southern Poland. ?
• By 1942, two million ethnic Germans had been
  moved in to colonize the new German provinces in
  Poland.

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Section 3-10
The New Order in Europe (cont.)

• When the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union, Hitler
  anticipated turning all the people into slaves
  and inhabiting the conquered lands with German
  peasants. ?

• Himmler stated that German plans could involve
  killing 30 million Slavs.

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Section 3-11
The New Order in Europe (cont.)

• Due to labor shortages in Germany, the Nazis
  starting rounding up foreign workers as slave
  labor. ?

• By the summer of 1944, seven million Europeans
  were laboring in Germany. ?
• Another seven million were forced to work in
  their own countries.

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Section 3-12
The New Order in Europe (cont.)

• Forced labor caused problems for the Germans. ?

• Bringing workers to Germany reduced the number of
  workers left in occupied countries. ?
• The Germans brutal tactics led more and more
  people to resist Nazi occupation forces.

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Section 3-14
The Holocaust

• Hitlers vision divided the world into the Aryan
  race and those who would destroy it. ?

• He was convinced that the Jewish people were the
  greatest threat to his Aryan Empire. ?
• He directed that Jews in Europe be exterminated
  completely. ?
• His plan was called the Final Solution.

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Section 3-15
The Holocaust (cont.)

• The SS under Himmler was responsible for carrying
  out the Final Solution. ?

• The Final Solution was genocide, or the physical
  extermination, of the Jewish people.

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Section 3-16
The Holocaust (cont.)

• Reinhard Heydrich was the head of the SSs
  Security Service. ?

• He was in charge of the Final Solution. ?
• He created special forces, called Einsatzgruppen,
  to carry out Nazi plans. ?
• When Poland fell, he ordered all Jews rounded up
  and put in terribly crowded ghettos in a number
  of cities. ?
• The Nazis tried to starve the Jews. ?
• Some of the ghettos organized resistance against
  the Nazis.

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Section 3-17
The Holocaust (cont.)

• In June 1941, the Einsatzgruppen began acting as
  mobile killing units. ?

• They followed the army, rounded up all Jews, and
  executed them. ?
• They buried the victims in mass graves. Perhaps
  one million Jews were killed in this way. ?
• However, the Nazis found that this process was
  too slow.

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Section 3-18
The Holocaust (cont.)

• The next step was to build death camps. ?

• Beginning in 1942, Jews from countries occupied
  by or sympathetic to Germany were transported to
  Poland in freight trains like cattle. ?
• Six death camps were built in Poland. ?
• The largest was Auschwitz. ?
• About 30 percent of the arrivals were sent to
  work in a labor camps. ?
• Many of those were starved or worked to death. ?
• The rest were exterminated in mass gas chambers.

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Section 3-19
The Holocaust (cont.)

• By the spring of 1942, the death camps were fully
  operating. ?

• Throughout the war, the Final Solution continued
  to have top priority. ?
• Even as the Nazis were losing the war in 1944,
  Jews were being shipped from Greece and Hungary
  to the death camps. ?
• The Final Solution had priority over the military
  for trains.

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Section 3-20
The Holocaust (cont.)

• The Nazis were also responsible for the deaths of
  at least nine to ten million non-Jewish people. ?

• About 40 percent of Europes Gypsies were killed,
  as were Poles, Ukrainians, and Belorussians who
  lost their lives as slave laborers. ?
• The Nazis also probably killed at least three to
  four million Soviet prisoners of war.

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Section 3-21
The Holocaust (cont.)

• This mass slaughter of European civilians,
  particularly European Jews, is called the
  Holocaust. ?

• In a few places, Jews resisted. ?
• In some countries, people tried to help Jews to
  escape from the Nazis. ?
• The Danish people were able to protect most of
  their Jewish citizens. ?
• In many places, collaborators (people who
  assisted the enemy) helped the Nazis find Jews.

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Section 3-22
The Holocaust (cont.)

• Though the Allies knew about the death camps,
  they chose to concentrate on ending the war. ?

• They did not learn the full truth until the war
  was over.

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72
Section 3-23
The Holocaust (cont.)

• Young people of all ages were victims of World
  War II. ?

• Jewish children were the first to be put to death
  in the gas chambers because they could not work.
  ?
• 1.2 million Jewish children died in the
  Holocaust. ?
• In Germany, Britain, and Japan, many children
  were moved from cities that were being bombed. ?
  
• Some who were evacuated never saw their parents
  again.

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Section 3-24
The Holocaust (cont.)

• By 1945 there were 13 million orphaned children
  in Europe. ?

• In Eastern Europe, children suffered terribly. ?
• All secondary schools were closed because the
  Germans did not think Slavic people needed more
  than a very basic education. ?
• Children on both sides, particularly at the end
  of the war, joined the fighting. ?
• Sometimes 14- or 15-year-old children were at the
  front lines or worked as spies.

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74
Section 3-26
The New Order in Asia

• Japan hoped to use its newly conquered countries
  as sources of raw materials, such as tin, oil,
  and rubber. ?

• The possessions would also provide a market for
  Japanese goods.

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Section 3-27
The New Order in Asia (cont.)

• The Japanese used the slogan Asia for the
  Asiatics. ?

• They contacted anticolonialist forces and
  promised them that local governments would be set
  up under Japanese control. ?
• This happened in Burma, the Dutch East Indies,
  Vietnam, and the Philippines. ?
• However, each territory was actually run by the
  Japanese military. ?
• Local people were forced to serve in the military
  or work on public works projects.

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Section 3-28
The New Order in Asia (cont.)

• In Vietnam, the Japanese took rice from the
  people. ?

• A million people starved to death in 1944 and
  1945. ?
• At first, many Southeast Asian nationalists
  cooperated with the Japanese. ?
• Their attitudes changed as the Japanese provoked
  local people through their arrogance and contempt
  for local customs. ?
• For example, Buddhist pagodas in Burma were used
  as military latrines.

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Section 3-29
The New Order in Asia (cont.)

• Like the Germans, the Japanese had little respect
  for the lives of people in occupied countries. ?

• In Nanjing, China, the Japanese soldiers looted
  the city and killed and raped its people. ?
• The Japanese used labor forces composed of
  prisoners of war and local peoples. ?
• In one case, 12,000 Allied prisoners of war died
  while constructing the Burma-Thailand railway in
  1943.

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Section 3-30
The New Order in Asia (cont.)

• Nationalists in occupied countries were
  conflicted. ?

• They did not want the former colonial powers to
  return, but they did not like the Japanese
  either. ?
• Some, like Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina,
  turned against the Japanese and worked with the
  Allies. ?
• Others simply did nothing. ?
• By the end of the war, few people in occupied
  Asian countries supported the Japanese.

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Section 4-7
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples

• Even more than World War I, World War II was a
  total war. ?

• Economic mobilization was more extensive. ?
• The war had an enormous impact on civilian life
  in many parts of the world.

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Section 4-8
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• In the Soviet Union initial defeats led to
  drastic emergency measures. ?

• For example, Leningrad was under siege for nine
  hundred days. ?
• Over a million people died there due to food
  shortages. ?
• People had to eat dogs, cats, and mice.

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Section 4-9
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• Soviet workers dismantled factories in the west
  and shipped them to the east, out of the way of
  the attacking German army. ?

• At times workers ran machines as new factory
  buildings were built up around them.

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Section 4-10
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• The military and industrial mobilization of the
  Soviet Union produced 78,000 tanks and 98,000
  artillery pieces. ?

• In 1943, 55 percent of the national income went
  to war materials. ?
• As a result there were severe shortages of food
  and housing.

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Section 4-11
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• Soviet women were an important part of the war
  effort. Women working in industry increased 60
  percent. ?

• They worked in industries, mines, and railroads.
  ?
• They dug antitank ditches and worked as air raid
  wardens. ?
• Some fought in battles and flew in bombers.

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Section 4-12
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• The war did not come to the home territory of the
  United States. ?

• The country became an arsenal for the Allies. ?
• The United States produced much of the military
  equipment needed to fight the Axis. ?
• In 1943, the United States was building six ships
  a day and ninety-six thousand planes per year.

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Section 4-13
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• The American mobilization created some social
  turmoil. ?

• There were widespread movements of people. ?
• For example, many women and men enrolled in the
  military moved frequently. ?
• Also, as millions of servicemen and workers
  looking for jobs moved around, their wives and
  children or girlfriends often moved with them.

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Section 4-14
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• African Americans were profoundly impacted by the
  war. ?

• Over a million African Americans moved from the
  South to cities in the North and West to work in
  war industries. ?
• At times the influx of African Americans led to
  social tensions and even violence. ?
• A million African Americans joined the military.
  ?
• They served in segregated units. Angered by their
  treatment, many returned from the war ready to
  fight for their civil rights.

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Section 4-15
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved
  to internment camps away from the ocean. ?

• Sixty-five percent of them had been born in the
  United States. ?
• In spite of that, they were required to take
  loyalty oaths and were forced to live in camps
  surrounded by barbed wire.

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Section 4-16
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• The government claimed to do this for national
  security. ?

• Of American descendants of the Axis Power
  countries, Japanese Americans were the only group
  to be put into camps.

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Section 4-17
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• In 1939 in Germany, many civilians feared that
  the war would bring disaster. ?

• Hitler understood the importance of the home
  front. ?
• He believed that lack of civilian support had led
  to the German defeat in World War I. ?
• To keep up public morale, Hitler refused to cut
  consumer-goods production for the first two
  years of the war.

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Section 4-18
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• This decision may have cost Germany the war. ?

• After defeats on the Russian front, the policy
  changed.

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Section 4-19
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• Early in 1942, Hitler increased arms production
  and the size of the army. ?

• Albert Speer became minister for armaments and
  munitions. ?
• He tripled armament production between 1942 and
  1943. ?
• In July 1944, the German economy was totally
  mobilized. ?
• Schools, theaters, and cafes were closed. ?
• However, this came too late to avoid defeat.

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Section 4-20
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• Before the war, the Nazis tried to keep women out
  of the job market. As the war progressed, more
  and more men had to serve in the military. ?

• The Nazis changed their policies and encouraged
  women to work. ?
• However, the number of working women increased
  very little between 1939 and 1944.

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Section 4-21
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• Wartime Japan was a highly mobilized society. ?

• The government controlled prices, wages, labor,
  and resources. ?
• Citizens were encouraged to sacrifice for the
  national cause. ?
• In the final years of the war, young Japanese
  volunteered to serve as suicide pilots against
  U.S. ships. ?
• They were called kamikaze (divine wind) pilots.

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Section 4-22
The Mobilization of Peoples Four Examples
(cont.)

• The Japanese government opposed employing women. ?

• General Hideki Tojo, the Japanese prime minister
  from 1941 to 1944, argued that employing women
  would weaken the family system and the nation. ?
• Female employment increased only in areas in
  which women had traditionally worked, such as
  textiles and farming. ?
• The Japanese met labor shortages by using Korean
  and Chinese laborers.

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Section 4-24
Frontline Civilians The Bombing of Cities

• Bombing was used against military targets, enemy
  troops, and civilian populations. ?

• World War II was the first war in which large
  masses of civilians were bombed.

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Section 4-25
Frontline Civilians The Bombing of Cities
(cont.)

• Toward the end of World War I, there had been a
  few bombing raids against civilian targets. ?

• The raids had caused great public outcry. ?
• After the war, European nations began to think
  that bombing civilian targets could be used to
  force governments to make peace. ?
• During the 1930s, European nations developed
  long-range bombers.

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Section 4-26
Frontline Civilians The Bombing of Cities
(cont.)

• The first sustained civilian bombing was done by
  the Germans against London. ?

• For months, the Germans bombed the city nightly.
  ?
• There were heavy casualties and tremendous
  damage. ?
• In time, the blitz, as the bombing was called,
  was carried to other British cities. ?
• In spite of the heavy bombing, British morale
  remained high.

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Section 4-27
Frontline Civilians The Bombing of Cities
(cont.)

• The idea that bombing civilians would force peace
  was proved wrong. ?

• In 1942, the British began major bombing
  campaigns against German cities. ?
• Ignoring their own experience, the British hoped
  that the bombing would break the morale of the
  German people. ?
• Thousands of bombers were used to attack major
  German cities.

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Section 4-28
Frontline Civilians The Bombing of Cities
(cont.)

• The bombing of Germany added to civilian terror. ?

• The Germans particularly feared incendiary bombs,
  which spread fire when they exploded. ?
• In some cities, such as Dresden, enormous
  firestorms resulted from the bombing, killing
  hundreds of thousands of people and burning
  everything that could burn.

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Section 4-29
Frontline Civilians The Bombing of Cities
(cont.)

• The bombing of Germany by the Allies may have
  killed a half-million civilians. ?

• Millions of buildings were destroyed. ?
• In spite of the terrible destruction, the bombing
  did not seem to sap the morale of the German
  people or destroy the German industrial capacity.
  ?
• However, the destruction of transportation
  systems and fuel supplies strongly impacted the
  ability of the Germans to supply their military
  forces.

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Section 4-30
Frontline Civilians The Bombing of Cities
(cont.)

• In November 1944, the Allies began attacks on
  Japanese cities. ?

• By that time, the Japanese air force could no
  longer defend Japan. ?
• The crowded Japanese cities, filled with highly
  combustible structures, were especially
  vulnerable. ?
• By the following summer, a fourth of Japanese
  dwellings and many of its industries had been
  destroyed .

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Section 4-31
Frontline Civilians The Bombing of Cities
(cont.)

• The bombing of civilians then reached an
  unprecedented level when the United States
  dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
  August 1945.

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103
Section 4-33
Peace and a New War

• After the end of World War II, a new
  international conflict emerged, the Cold War. ?

• The Cold War was primarily an ideological
  conflict between the United States and the Soviet
  Union. It dominated world politics until the end
  of the 1980s.

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Section 4-34
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• In November 1943, Stalin, Churchill, and
  Roosevelt met in Tehran to decide the future
  course of the war. ?

• Their countries were known as the Big Three of
  the Grand Alliance. ?
• The Big Three decided that the Americans and
  British would attack Germany through France in
  1944. ?
• They would then meet the Soviet forces somewhere
  in a defeated Germany.

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Section 4-35
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• This meant the Soviet troops would probably
  liberate most of Eastern Europe. ?

• They also agreed to partition postwar Germany.

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Section 4-36
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• In February of 1945, the Big Three powers met at
  Yalta in southern Russia. ?

• By that time, they knew that the Germans were
  beaten. ?
• Roosevelt and Churchill realized that eleven
  million Soviet troops were taking possession of
  much of Eastern and Central Europe. ?
• Roosevelt favored the idea of self-determination
  for postwar Europe.

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Section 4-37
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• This meant that each country would choose its own
  form of government. ?

• Stalin was suspicious of the Western powers and
  wanted a Communist buffer between the West and
  the Soviet Union. ?
• Roosevelt also sought Soviet military help
  against Japan. ?
• In return for military aid, Roosevelt agreed that
  the Soviets could take Sakhalin and the Kuril
  Islands, two warm-water ports, and railroad
  rights in Manchuria.

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Section 4-38
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• Roosevelt wanted to create the United Nations
  organization to help resolve difficult
  international disagreements. ?

• The Big Three powers at Yalta accepted his plans
  and set the founding meeting of the United
  Nations for April 1945, in San Francisco.

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Section 4-39
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• The Big Three also confirmed at the Yalta
  Conference that Germany would have to surrender
  unconditionally. ?

• They agreed to divide Germany into four zones. ?
• The zones would be occupied and governed by
  France, Britain, the United States, and the
  Soviet Union. ?
• Stalin agreed to hold free elections in Poland at
  some future date.

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Section 4-40
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• The Soviets and the Americans were deeply split
  about free elections in Eastern Europe. ?

• The Soviets wanted these nations to be
  pro-Soviet. ?
• The Americans wanted free elections. ?
• These conflicting goals were never reconciled.

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Section 4-41
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• The Potsdam Conference was held in July 1945. ?

• Roosevelt had died in April and was replaced by
  Harry Truman. ?
• Truman demanded that free elections be held
  throughout Eastern Europe. ?
• Stalin refused to concede. Stalin wanted absolute
  military security for his country. ?
• He thought this could only happen if all the
  Eastern European states had Communist
  governments.

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Section 4-42
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• He saw free elections as a direct threat. ?

• The only way to force free elections in Eastern
  Europe would have been to invade the Soviet-held
  territory. ?
• As World War II had just ended, very few people
  favored that course. ?
• The Allies agreed that leaders who had committed
  crimes against humanity during the war should be
  tried for their crimes. ?
• In 1945 and 1946, Nazi leaders were tried and
  condemned at trials in Nuremberg, Germany.
  Trials were also held in Japan and Italy.

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Section 4-42
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• In 1945 and 1946, Nazi leaders were tried and
  condemned at trials in Nuremberg, Germany.
  Trials were also held in Japan and Italy. ?

• Many Western leaders thought that the Soviets
  intended to spread communism throughout the
  world. ?

• The Soviets saw Western policy, particularly that
  of the United States, as global capitalist
  expansionism.

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Section 4-44
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• In March 1946, Winston Churchill declared that an
  iron curtain had descended across the
  continent. ?

• This iron curtain divided Europe into two hostile
  sides. ?
• Stalin responded by calling Churchills speech a
  call to war with the Soviet Union. ?
• The world seemed to be bitterly divided again.

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Section 4-44
Peace and a New War (cont.)

• The Allies agreed that leaders who committed
  crimes against humanity during the war should be
  tried for their crimes. In 1945 and 1946, Nazi
  leaders were tried and condemned at trials in
  Nuremberg, Germany. Trials were also held in
  Japan and Italy.

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