The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition

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The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition
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Unit XXIV Popular Styles
All riddles are blues, And all blues are
sad, And Im only mentioning Some blues Ive
had. Maya Angelou
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71. Ragtime, Blues, and Early Jazz

• Jazz
• New Orleans
• West African music, African American ceremonial
  and work songs
• Ragtime

African traditional herding song
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Scott Joplin (18681917) and Ragtime

• American teacher, composer, performer
• The King of Ragtime
• Ragtime as serious art form
• Opera premiere (Treemonisha)
• Died in New York in 1917
• Posthumous Pulitzer Prize
• Steinway player piano rolls

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Joplin Maple Leaf Rag(Listening Guide)

• Regular sectional form
• Four strains, each repeated
• Syncopated rhythms

Listening Guide PDF
What is scurrilously called ragtime is an
invention that is here to stay. That is now
conceded by all classes of musicians Scott
Joplin
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Blues and New Orleans Jazz

• Blues
• Mood and harmonic progression
• 12 (or 16) bars in length
• Blue note
• Texts 3-line stanza, first 2 lines are the same
• Vocal style from work songs
• Improvisation

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Louis Armstrong and Early Jazz

• Louis Armstrong (1901-1971)
• American musician (cornet and trumpet)
• Satchmo
• Chicago, New Orleansstyle ensemble King Oliver
  Creole Jazz Band
• Great improviser
• Mutes (range and tone color)
• Heebie Jeebies
• scat singing
• Jazz chorus
• Stop-time chorus
• Double-time choruses
• Solo choruses

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The Jazz Singer Billie Holiday

• Billie Holiday Lady Day (1915-1959)
• American blues and jazz singer
• Tragic childhood
• Discovery, Benny Goodman
• Drug and alcohol abuse
• Died at 44
• Recognizable singing style

I cant stand to sing the same song the same way
two nights in succession, let alone two years or
ten years. If you can, then it aint music its
close-order drill or exercise or yodeling or
something, not music. Billie Holiday
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Holiday Billies Blues (Listening Guide)

• Artie Shaw on clarinet and Bunny Berigan on
  trumpet
• 12-bar blues
• Short introduction and six choruses
• Three-line strophe becomes freer
• Rhythmic flexibility

dont think Im singing. I feel like Im
playing a horn. I try to improvise like Louis
Armstrongwhat comes out is what I feel. I hate
straight singing. I have to change a tune to my
own way of doing it.
Billie Holiday
Listening Guide PDF
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The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition
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72. The Swing Era and Beyond

• Swing, or Big Band era 1930s and 1940s
• Opportunities for black musicians

Whats swinging in words? If a guy makes you pat
your foot and if you feel it down your back, you
dont have to ask anyone if thats good music or
not. You can always feel it. Miles Davis
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Duke Ellington and the Big Band Era

• Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington (1899-1974)
• American composer, pianist, orchestrator, and
  big-band leader
• Arranged music
• Brilliant orchestrator
• Larger ensemble

Somehow I suspect that if Shakespeare were alive
today, he might be a jazz fan himself. Duke
Ellington
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Bebop and Later Jazz Styles

• Rebellion against big band
• Bebop (also known as bop), two-note phrase
• Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet), Charlie Parker
  (saxophone), Bud Powell, and Thelonious Monk
  (both piano)
• Bebop substyles
• Cool jazz Miles Davis
• West Coast jazz Dave Brubeck Quartet, Gerry
  Mulligan Quartet
• Hard bop, soul jazz
• Latin dance music brought into the mainstream
  (rumba)

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Gillespie/ Parker A Night in Tunisia (Listening
Guide)

• Charlie Parker (Bird) on saxophone, Miles Davis
  on trumpet
• Introduction (ostinato in bass)
• Tune is presented in Chorus 1 (A-A-B-A) form
• Three improvised choruses follow
• Coda (same ostinato as intro) closes the work

Listening Guide PDF
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The Merger of Classical and Jazz Styles

• Composers drawn to ragtime, blues, and jazz
• Debussy
• Stravinsky
• Ravel
• Copland
• Gershwin, etc.

The best music being written today comes from
folk sources. Jazz, ragtime, Negro spirituals and
blues, Southern mountain songs, country fiddling,
and cowboy songs can all be employed in the
creation of American art-music, and are actually
used by many composers now. George Gershwin
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Gershwin and the Merger of two styles

• George Gershwin (18981937) mastered the fusion
  of jazz and classical styles
• Accomplished pianist and songwriter
• Tin Pan Alley pianist
• Musical theater productions Girl Crazy, Porgy
  and Bess
• Often collaborated with brother, Ira
• Instrumental works were also popular Rhapsody in
  Blue, Concerto in F, An American in Paris

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73. Musical Theater

• The Development of American Musical Theater
• European operetta (Gilbert and Sullivan)
• Romantic plots, comic moments, appealing
  melodies
• Large ensemble and dance numbers
• Early vs. later plots

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Composer/Lyricist Teams

• Rodgers and Hart
• Rodgers and Hammerstein
• Lerner and Lowe

The hills are alive with the sound of
music. Oscar Hammerstein II
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Later Musicals

• 1970s Stephen Sondheim increased sophistication
• European composers took over the American genre
• Andrew Lloyd Webber
• Claude-Michel Schonberg
• Disney and animated musicals (Beauty and the
  Beast, The Lion King)
• Dance musicals (Riverdance, Stomp, Contact)
• Jukebox musicals (Mamma Mia!)

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Leonard Bernstein and the Broadway Musical

• Bernstein (1918-1990)
• American composer and conductor
• New York Philharmonic
• Serious and popular music
• Symphonic and choral music, film music, and
  musical theater works
• West Side Story attempted union of jazz with
  musical theater

Any composers writing is the sum of himself, of
all his roots and influences. Leonard Bernstein
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Bernstein West Side Story (Listening Guide)

• Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet
• Lyrics by Stephen Sondheim
• Street gangs of New York City
• Jets vs. Puerto Rican rivals, the Sharks
• Latin dance music and jazz
• Mambo (Afro-Cuban dance)
• Tonight love duet in A-A-B-A form found in jazz

Listening Guide PDF
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74. Rock and the Global Scene

• Rock and Roll (1950s)
• Origins in rhythm and blues, country-western,
• pop music, and gospel
• Crossed racial lines
• 1960s
• Teen idols
• Soul
• Motown
• Beatles
• Non-Western musical influence (India)

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Rock and the Global Scene

• California Groups
• Studio production (The Beach Boys)
• Folk rock (Bob Dylan and Joan Baez)
• Eclectic styles 1970 and beyond
• Acid rock, art rock, Latin rock, punk rock,
  disco, reggae, new wave, etc.

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The 1980s and Beyond

• Music video and MTV
• Technological developments
• Rap, or hip hop
• Grunge rock, alternative rock, global pop

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Country-Western Music

• Country-western (Appalachian folk songs)
• Hillbilly music
• Hollywood, singing cowboys of the 1930s
• The Grand Ol Opry
• Bluegrass, Nashville sound
• Honkytonk
• 1970s classic country, mainstream country
• Crossover hits 1980s, 90ss
• Garth Brooks, Shania Twain

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Global Pop

• Movement, not a single style
• Third world, ethnic, and traditional music
• Collaborations between Western and non-Western
  musicians

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BeauSoleil and the Revival of Cajun Music

• Southwestern Louisiana
• Creoles, Cajuns
• French as a common language
• Cajun music vocal, influenced by all southern
  music
• Zydeco music African American, Caribbean, and
  Cajun styles
• Voice, fiddle, accordion, electric guitar,
  washboard

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Think of Me (Jongle à moi), by BeauSoleil
(Listening Guide)

• BeauSoleil performance
• Traditional dance song
• Cajun fiddle techniques
• Drones
• Double stops
• Slides
• Trills
• Text is in Cajun French

Listening Guide PDF
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