Brazil

1
Brazils Nuclear Program

• Tiffany Farrar
• Brian Mellody
• Dahiana Tejada
• Christina Wingard

2
Brazil

• Largest country in South America in area and
  population with about 200 million people
• One of the fastest growing economies in the world
• Significant economic growth solidifies Brazil as
  the center of gravity in Latin America and as an
  important player in the world
• 10th Largest energy consumer in the world

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Energy Production
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Energy Needs

• Per capita electricity consumption in Brazil has
  grown strongly since 1990
• Given the high dependence on hydro-energy, there
  is a drive in policy to decrease that dependency
  and explore other options
• Brazil which has interest in nuclear energy since
  the 1930s, began to find ways to produce it in
  the 1950s
• They are interested in building more nuclear
  energy plants, with plans four more reactors in
  2025

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Angra 1

• 1970- Brazilian government seeks bid for initial
  nuclear plant
• 1971- Contract for Angra 1 is awarded to
  Westinghouse and construction starts
• Begins operating in 1982, suffered continuing
  problems
• In its first 15 years only produced 25 lifetime
  load factor
• Constructed on coastal site near Rio de Janeiro
  and São Paulo

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Development of Nuclear Program

• Brazilian government adopts a policy to become
  self-sufficient in nuclear technology and signs
  an agreement with West Germany for 15 nuclear
  plants

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Establish state owned company- Empresas
Nucleares Brasileiras (Nuclebrás)
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Angra 2 3

• 1995- A US 1.3 billion investment by German
  banks provides the financing to resume
  construction on Angra 2
• Operation only commences at the end of 2000
• Angra 3 was designed as a twin unit of Angra 2,
  but work was suspended before the project began
  in 1986
• Brazilian government announced plans to complete
  Angra 3 in 2009, expected to be in operation near
  2015

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International Opposition to Nuclear Programs
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9
Quadripartite Agreement of 1991

• Signed by Argentina, ABACC, IAEA, and Brazil
• Binds Brazil and Argentina by IAEA safeguards
• Emphasizes the need to avoid unnecessary
  duplication of activites
• Stresses the importance of proprietary technology

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Quadripartite Safeguards Ensure

1. An open forum for economic and technological
   development
2. Responsibility of the Agency to preserve
   technological secrets

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Brazils Problems with
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Early US Brazilian Foreign Nuclear Policy
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Non- Proliferation Treaty
Signed in 1967, called for the sole possession of
nuclear arms in the United States, Russia,
England, France, and China
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International Position

• 1992 Brazil accepts the restrictions set in
  place by the treaty
• Brazil refused to sign the treaty

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Progress?

• Brazil refuses inspections in order to protect
  proprietary technology
• 2004 Colin Powell states that he is certain
  Brazil is not developing nuclear weapons

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Major Setback
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Rebuilding Relationship

• Rouseffs call for closer relations with United
  States
• President Obama visits Brazil in March 2011
• No discussion of nuclear proliferation

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Nuclear Power in Brazil

• Two nuclear reactors generating 3 of electricity
• 1982 1st commercial nuclear power reactor began
  operating
• By 2025
• No private investment is allowed in the nuclear
  power industry as of now, but that is under review

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Future Plans in Brazil

• Build 4 new plants by 2030
• Electronuclear is looking at the Westinghouse
  AP1000, Areva-Mitsubishi and Atomstroyexports
  WER-1000 for funding

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20
Continued Research and Development

• Brazils navy in 2009 proposed an 11MW prototype
  reactor that would be constructed in 2014.
• The design of the prototype was expected to be
  finalized by 2011.
• Brazil has also been involved in programs that
  are developing new-generation reactor designs and
  systems.

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Questions

1. Given Brazils new economic and political
   prominence, do you think the additional reactors
   will be completed in 2025?
2. Should we be pressure Brazil to allow inspection
   of its enrichment development sites?
3. How do you think the Brazil US relationship
   regarding nuclear policy will progress in the
   future?

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Sources

• Hakim, Peter. "Inter-American Dialogue." Foreign
  Service Journal. 09 06 2011 n. page. Web.
  lthttp//www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID32pub
  ID2679gt.
• Marshall, Tyler, and Henry Chu. "Powell Sees No
  Nuclear Red Flags in Brazil." Los Angeles
  Times Los Angeles 06 10 2004, n. pag. Web.
  lthttp//articles.latimes.com/2004/oct/06/world/fg-
  powell6gt.
• "Nuclear Power in Brazil." World Nuclear
  Association. Nov. 2011. Web. 1 Mar. 2012.
  lthttp//www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf95.htmlgt.
• Morrison, Daphne. "Brazil's Nuclear Ambitions,
  Past and Present Articles NTI Analysis
  NTI." NTI Nuclear Threat Initiative. 1 Sept.
  2006. Web. 01 Mar. 2012. lthttp//www.nti.org/analy
  sis/articles/brazils-nuclear-ambitions/gt.
• http//www.nti.org/analysis/articles/brazils-nucle
  ar-ambitions/ 

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