Measuring Personality and Individual Differences

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Measuring Personality and Individual Differences
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Personality through Projection
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Rorschach Inkblot (10 Cards) John Exners
Comprehensive Scoring System based on form,
perceived movement, and color
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT, 31
Pictures) Henry Murray Christina Morgan,
Harvard, 1930s
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Sentence Completion
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Holaday et al. (2000). Sentence completion
tests A review of the literature and results of
a survey of members of the Society for
Personality Assessment. Journal of Personality
Assessment, 74, 371-383. Rotter, J.B.
Rafferty, J.E. (1950). The Rotter Incomplete
Sentences Blank Manual College form. New York
Psychological Corporation.
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Personality Through Direct Testing

• Criterion Keying Approach (Clinical Method)
• Behavioral descriptions as items
• Comparing normal with the mentally ill
• Often used in clinical settings
• e.g., MMPI

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Description of MMPI-2 Content Scales _____________
__________________________________________ ANX
(ANXIETY) 23 items FRS (FEARS) 23
items OBS (OBSESSIVE) 16 items DEP
(DEPRESSION) 33 items HEA (HEALTH
CONCERNS) 36 items BIZ (BIZARRE
MENTATION) 24 items ANG (ANGER) 16
items CYN (CYNICISM) 23 items ASP
(ANTISOCIAL PRACTICES) 22 items TPA (TYPE
A) 19 items LSE (LOW SELF-ESTEEM) 24
items SOD (SOCIAL DISCOMFORT) 24 items FAM
(FAMILY PROBLEMS) 25 items WRK (WORK
INTERFERENCE) 33 items TRT (NEGATIVE TREATMENT
INDICATORS) 26 items
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Development of the MMPI in 1930s Began with pool
of 1000 items Presented items to criterion and
control groups Criterion group psychiatric
inpatients at the UM Hospital Control group700
relatives and visitors of the patients
Validation Criterion group differed from
control group at plt.05.
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Personality Through Direct Testing

• Taxonomic Approach (Dictionary Method)
• Single adjectives or phrases as items
• Factor analysis
• Often used in the normal population
• e.g., Catell 16PF
• Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
• NEO-PI

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• The Big Five and NEO-PI

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Theory The Big Five
Neurotism
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Ideas
Trust
Order
Values
Fantasy
Actions
Anxiety
Activity
Feelings
Warmth
Altruism
Modesty
Aesthetics
Depression
Dutifulness
Competence
Compliance
Deliberation
Assertiveness
Impulsiveness
Vulnerability
Self-Discipline
Angry Hostility
Gregariousness
Positive Emotions
Self-Consciousness
Straightforwardness
Excitement-Seeking
Tender-Mindedness
Achievement Striving
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Test NEO-PI
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Pyschometric Properties of NEO-PI Adult norms
based on 500 men and 500 women matched to US
population on age and race. College norms based
on cases from 2 sites Internal consistency for
domain scores range from .86-.92 Facet scores
with median of .71 A huge amount of validity
data based on factor analyses and correlations
with other tests and across cultures
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The Unhappy Person

• Neuroticism (1)
• Anxiety
• Angry Hostility
• Depression
• Self-Consciousness
• Impulsiveness

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The Happy Person

• Extraversion (2)
• Warmth
• Gregariousness
• Assertiveness
• Activity
• Excitement-Seeking
• Positive Emotion

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The Intellectual

• Openness (3)
• Fantasy
• Aesthetics
• Feelings
• Actions
• Ideas
• Values

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• The Nice Person
• Agreeableness (4)
• Trust
• Straight-forwardness
• Altruism
• Compliance
• Modesty
• Tender-mindedness

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The High Achiever

• Conscientiousness (5)
• Competence
• Order
• Dutifulness
• Achievement-striving
• Self-discipline

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Chinese Personality Inter Personal Relatedness

• Face ??
• Thrift ??
• Ah Q ?Q??

• Ren Qing ??
• Harmony ??
• Flexibility ???
• Modernization ???

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Sample Items

• Ren Qing ??
• When dealing with institutions, things can work
  out more smoothly through the connections of
  friends working inside.
• ?????????????
• Though I may be perfectly aware of my friends
  lack of ability, if they ask me to find them a
  good job, I will do my best to help them.
• ???????????? , ????????
• When a friend borrows something from me and does
  not return it, I often feel uneasy about asking
  him/ her to give it back.
• ??????? , ??????

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Sample Items

• Face??
• Sometimes I pretend I understand a lot, because I
  do not want others to look down on me.
• ???? , ??????
• I feel a loss of face to be turned down by
  others.
• ????? , ??????
• Sometimes I will insist on giving a friend a
  decent gift even if it means borrowing money to
  buy it.
• ??????????????

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Sample Items

• Thrift ??
• ??? , ???
• Ah Q ?Q??
• ??????????? , ?????
• ????????? , ????????????

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A Comparison of Factor Pattern, Item Means, and
Standard Deviations for Chinese Sample with
Sample Reported by HARTER (1982)
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Performance on mathematics test given at three
testing periods (1980, 1984, 1990) for students
from Japan ( ), Taiwan( ) and the United
States( )
Performance on the reading vocabulary test given
at two testing periods (1980, 1990) for students
from Japan ( ), Taiwan( ) and the United
States( )
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Attitudes of Japanese (solid), Chinese (open),
and American (hatched) mothers toward childrens
academic performance as reflected in ratings on a
three-point rating scale. Sample sizes for Japan,
Taiwan, and United States, respectively233, 197,
and 214 (1980) 157, 104, and 117 (1984) and
258, 238, and 220 (1990).
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Factors influencing academic achievement
Western Culture High national spending Small class size Disposition (IQ, personality) Primary control (the person) Individual learning Individualistic values Intrinsic motivation Ability attribution High self-esteem e.g., Big fish Confucian Culture Moderate spending Large class size Changeability (attitudes) Secondary or environment Cooperative learning Social pressure, guilt Extrinsic, social comparison Effort attribution Self-effacement e.g., Little pond
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Findings on Likert-type scale response
tendencies Very Bad Very Good 1
2 3 4 5 6
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Note. Points A and C mark the mean American and
Chinese ratings, respectively, on the internal
and external attribution scales.
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Percentages Agreeing With Responsesto Scenarios
in Illinois (n123) and Hong Kong (n181)
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Percentages Agreeing With Responsesto Scenarios
in Illinois (n123) and Hong Kong (n181)