Professor Dr. Nafeeza Mohd Ismail

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Drugs and You ASSIGNMENT
Professor Dr. Nafeeza Mohd Ismail M.B.B.S.(Mal),
Ph.D (UKM) Professor of Pharmacology Faculty of
Medicine UiTM
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Common terminologies

• Indications
• Contraindications
• drug cant be given to patient
• Absolute contraindication
• Definitely cannot be given as it has a high risk
  of causing harm to patient
• Relative contraindication
• Drug can be given with specific cautions

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Common terminologies

• Tolerance
• - a reduced response to a drug after
  repeated administration of that drug.
• - larger doses must be given to get the same
  magnitude of effect.
• - not with all drugs
• - very important with certain drugs

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Drug nomenclature

• Chemical name
• - N-acetyl-para-amino phenol
• Generic name - Paracetamol
• Trade/Proprietary name Panadol, Tylenol etc.

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Classification of drugs based on

• MOA COX inhibitors
• Organ system that it affects CNS drugs, GIT
  drugs etc
• Uses anti-inflammatories, analgesics,
  bronchodilators

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Routes of administration

• Principles in Administering Medications
• 5 Rights of drug administration
• Right drug
• Right dose
• Right time
• Right patient
• Right route

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Routes of administration - objectives

• To describe the various routes of drug
  administration
• To understand the advantages and disadvantages of
  the various routes of drug administration

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Routes of administration
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Routes of administration

• Enteral
• enteral means to do with the GIT
  (gastrointestinal tract)
• includes oral, buccal, and rectal.
• Parenteral
• Not through the GIT
• Common routes - IV, IM, SC but could also
  include topical and inhalation.
• Special intravenous (i/v)
• Does not need to cross any membrane (skips
  absorption process)

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Oral - Advantages

• Advantages
• Convenient
• (Relatively) Cheap
• Variety
• Conscious
• etc.
• Disadvantages
• http//www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0702.html

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Buccal/Sublingual

• Buccal tablets
• held in mouth
• designed to dissolve slowly.
• Sublingual tablet
• under the tongue
• rapidly absorbed.
• e.g. nitroglycerin may be used for the rapid
  relief of angina.
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• http//www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0703.html

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Rectal

• Most commonly - suppository or enema.
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• http//www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0703.html

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Intravenous

• Advantages
• Rapid - quick response possible
• Total dose - delivered ? blood stream.
• ??? doses infusion.

• Drugs may be given into a peripheral vein over 1
  to 2 minutes or longer by infusion.

• Disadvantages
• Difficult to find suitable vein.
• Toxicity a problem with rapid administrations.

Diagram - Showing IV, IM, and SC
Injection http//www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0704.h
tml
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Subcutaneous and Intramuscular

• Subcutaneous
• This involves administration of the drug dose
  just under the skin.

• Intramuscular
• Larger volume, than sc, can be given by IM

Advantages Disadvantages http//www.boomer.o
rg/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0705.html
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Other ROA what it means when is it used

• Inhalation
• Topical
• Other ROA's
• intra-nasal
• intra-arterial
• intrathecal
• http//www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0706.html