Anti-bacteria Medicine

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Anti-bacteria Medicine

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Anti-bacteria medicine

• Antibiotics The substance derived from fungi and
  bacteria which can selectively kill or inhibit
  bacteria growth
• Anti-bacteria medicine Chemically synthesized
  medicine which can selectively kill or inhibit
  bacteria growth

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Antibacteria medicine

• Sulfonamide
• Quilonones
• others

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Antibiotics and drugs targeting nucleic acid
biosynthesis and functions
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Antibiotics and drugs targeting nucleic acid
biosynthesis and functions

• 1. Sulphonamides Trimethoprim (TMP)
• PABA false structure
• Inhibition of Dihydrofolate reductase
• Dihydrofolate ?? tetrahydrofolate

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2. Quinolones Bacterial
topoisomerase
II- Gyrase
Antibiotics and drugs targeting nucleic acid
biosynthesis and functions

• Nalidixic acid
• Ofloxacin
• Ciprofloxacin

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Antibiotics and drugs targeting nucleic acid
biosynthesis and functions

• 3. Rifampicin (from rifamycin)
• ? subunit of DNA-primed RNA polymease

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Antibiotics and drugs targeting nucleic acid
biosynthesis and functions

• ! Rifampicin must be given by a cocktail of
  drugs.

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Problem of antibiotics which inhibit protein
synthesis
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Antibiotics From isolation of strain to
clinical application

• Selection of a potential product
• 1?efficacy
• 2?metabolic characterization
• 3?toxicity and adverse effect
• 4?Potentiality of industrial production

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Antibiotics from strain isolation to clinical
application

• Semi-synthesis the most popular approach of
  production
• Marketing potentiality
• Life-span of marketing and its impact

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Patients withpneumonia and bacteria in blood
Penicillin
överlevare
Penicillin increased the chance of survival from
10 to 90
Obehandlade
Dagar
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It is not difficult to make microbes resistant
to penicillin The time may come when
penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops
Alexander Fleming's Nobel Lecture, 1945
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The Global Challenge Antibiotics have
saved millions of lives Antibiotics are rapidly
losing their effect
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What is Antibiotic Resistance?
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Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics

• ? Enzymes secreted (exo-enzyme)
• ? Enzymes not secreted (endo-enzymes)
• ? Deletion of target molecules
• ? Change in cell permeability
• ? Change in target molecule affinity
• ? Speed-up of synthesis and metabolism
• ? Others

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Mechanism of resistance

• Selection pressure ( not only in health
  institutions)
• Genetic recombination ( especially conjugation
  mediated by plasmid)

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Improper prescription of antibiotics

• Antibiotic prescription for non-bacterial
  infection
• Prophylaxis application of antibiotics
• Local application of antibiotics
• Over use of wide-spectrum antibiotics
• Long-term use of antibiotics
• Antibiotic abuse in agriculture production

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Modern Medicine Is Not Possible Without Effective
Antibiotics
Hip replacement
Organ transplants
Cancer chemotherapy
Care of preterm babies
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The survival of the fittest
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Horisontal spread of resistance genes
Spread of resistance between species
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Barrier to the development of new antibiotics

• Short marketing life of the product because of
  resistance
• Difficult RD
• 1?qualified strain
• 2?resources to support RD
• 3?long term research and translation
• Adverse reactions
• Expense for health care

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The outcome of resistance development (From the
view point of bacteria cells)

• ? Uneconomic state of cell metabolism
• ? Slow-down of proliferation
• ? deletion of some pathogenic abilities
• ? Avoiding harms from drugs

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Antibiotic sensitivity test

• MIC MBC
• ? Broth dilution
• ? Agar dilution
• ? Disk diffusion
• ? Standard requirements

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Antibiotic sensitivity test

• Standard requirements
• a.   Depth 4mm
• b.  Inoculates 105 cell/ml
• c.   Incubation 37?, 18 hours

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Antibiotic Sensitivity Test

• ? How to explain the results?
• ? How to avoid misleading of clinicians?
• ? How to standardize the test?

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Reading and evaluation of sensitivity test

• 1?Physical and chemical profile of the
  medicine
• 2?Metabolic process
• 3?Identification of sensitivity resistance
  
• 4?Q.C.
• 5?Who is responsible for those work?

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