Title: Waves transfer energy without transferring mass.
1Waves transfer energy without transferring mass.
2Energy Transfer by Waves
Figure 6-1 You can use a domino to knock over
other dominoes in two different ways (a) you can
throw a domino, or (b) you can trigger a wave of
dominoes.
3A wave
- Is a traveling disturbance
- It carries energy from place to place without
requiring matter to travel across the intervening
distance.
40015 Properties of Waves, Sound, and Light 1.
recognize the characteristics of mechanical waves
(e.g., wavelength, amplitude).
- Wavelengths
- Frequency
- Velocity
- Amplitude
5Figure 6-2 A cross section of a wave reveals the
characteristics of wavelength, velocity, and
amplitude. Successive wave crests are numbered 1,
2, 3, and 4. An observer at the position of the
clock records the number of crests that pass by
in a second. This is the frequency, which is
measured in cycles per second, or hertz.
6Two kinds of waves
Figure 6-4 Transverse (a) and longitudinal (b)
waves differ in the motion of the wave relative
to the motion of individual particles.
7Speed of Light Speed of Sound
- 300,000,000 m/s
- 186,000 miles/s
8Relationship among wavelength, frequency, and
velocity
- The velocity of a wave is equal to the length of
each wave times the number of waves that pass by
each second. - Wave velocity (m/s) wavelength (m) x frequency
(Hz) - Sample Problem One tube of a wind chime produces
sound at a frequency of 440 Hz. Assuming the
speed of sound is 340 m/s, what is the wavelength
of sound produced by this chime? - Wavelength velocity / frequency
- 340 meters per second / 440 Hertz 0.77 m
90015 Properties of Waves, Sound, and Light 2.
demonstrate knowledge of the properties of sound
in everyday phenomena (e.g., echoes, Doppler
effect)
10Echoes
- An echo is a sound wave that bounces back
11The Human Voice
- 2 strong bands of tissue called vocal cords
- --The tighter the vocal cords, faster
- they vibrate, the higher the pitch.
- --Increase volume by
- increasing force of air
- blown between the
- vocal cords.
12Doppler Effect
- If a listener or the source of a sound is moving,
the listener may hear a pitch that is different
from the frequency of the source. - The change in pitch heard when the source of
sound is moving relative to the listener is the
Doppler effect.
13Figure 6-9 The Doppler effect occurs whenever a
source of waves is moving relative to the
observer of the waves. (a) Sound waves spread out
from a source in all directions stationary
listeners hear the same pitch. (b) Sound waves
from a moving source seem to increase or decrease
in pitch, depending on whether the sound is
approaching or receding. (c) The Doppler shift
for light waves cause a blueshift for approaching
sources, and a redshift for receding sources.
14How Sound is Produced
- Sound is a form of energy caused by vibrating
matter.
15How Sounds Travel
- Vibrations push against molecules in the air and
press them closer together - Molecules pushed compression
- Molecules spread rarefaction
16Characteristics of Sound
- Intensity the loudness or softness of a
sound
- Pitch how high or low the sound seems
17Characteristics of Sound
- Pitch - how high or low sound seems
- Intensity - loudness or softness
- Quality - the mix of frequencies that allow us to
distinguish between different sounds - Interference waves from two different sources
come together (constructive or destructive)
180015 Properties of Waves, Sound, and Light 3.
recognize how the behavior of waves is affected
by the medium through which the waves are
passing.
The speed of sound in air is about 336 meters/sec
or 1100 ft/sec In liquids, the molecules are
closer together and carry the vibrations more
easily and quickly (4X gt). In solids, the
atoms are very close together and carry the
vibrations very easily and quickly (9-15X gt).
190015 Properties of Waves, Sound, and Light 4.
recognize characteristics of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
20Maxwell, in 1867, proposed that light is an
electromagnetic wave.
- The spectrum of visible light, from red to
violet, is only an octave or so in the range of
invisible radiations. There is a whole keyboard
of information all the way from the longest
wavelengths of radiowaves (the low notes) to the
shortest wavelengths of X-rays and beyond (the
highest notes) (Bronowski, p. 353).
21 Electromagnetic waves
22Figure 6-11 The electromagnetic spectrum
includes all kinds of waves that travel at the
speed of light, including radio, microwave,
infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and
gamma rays. Note that sound waves, water waves,
seismic waves, and other kinds of waves that
require matter in order to move travel much
slower than light speed.
23Anatomy of the Electromagnetic Wave
- Electrical and magnetic fields arranged at right
angles to each other - Perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving
24The nature of light
- Ø Light is a form of radiant energy given out by
the Sun and other light producing bodies in the
form of waves. - Ø Light is the one part of a group of the em
spectrum that we can see. - --Consists of transverse waves, --move up and
down as they travel forward
250015 Properties of Waves, Sound, and Light 5.
identify the effect of mirrors, lenses and prisms
on the behavior of light.
26Same Speed across the whole em spectrum!
- Velocity of em waves depends on electrical and
magnetic interactions, not on the properties of
the wave itself.
- All em waves move at the speed of light!
- Wavelength x frequency 300,000 km/sor 186,000
mi/s
27Light travels in straight lines
- Light travels at a speed of 186,000 miles/sec
(300,000 km/sec) - (in 8 minutes, light to travels Sun to Earth)
- Thus we see things happen at the exact moment
they are happening.
28With regard to light, materials are
- Transparent lets light pass through.
- Translucent lets some light pass through but
reflects some light. - Opaque reflects most or all of the light.
29Law of Refection
- Ø angle of incidence is equal to the angle
of reflection (holds true for all smooth,
polished surfaces)
30The Plane Mirror
- light striking the mirror passes thru the
transparent glass, and then almost all the light
is reflected back by the shiny, opaque silver
31 Mirror Convex
Concave
32Refraction of Light lenses
- convex lens
- light rays passing thru a convex lens are bent
toward the thicker middle
- concave lens
- light rays passing thru a concave lens are bent
toward the thicker ends
33Spectrum of visible light
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350015 Properties of Waves, Sound, and Light 6.
demonstrate knowledge of the relationship between
the properties of waves and how they are
perceived by humans (e.g. color, pitch).