Expansion cards

1
Expansion cards

• Unit objectives
• Define the common drive interfaces, and install a
  drive controller
• Describe video adapters and standards, and
  install a video adapter
• Define sound cards, and install a sound card
• Describe modem standards, and install a modem
• Identify the symptoms, probable causes, and
  potential solutions to expansion card-related
  problems

2
Topic A

• Topic A Drive adapters
• Topic B Video cards
• Topic C Sound cards
• Topic D Internal modems
• Topic E Expansion card troubleshooting

3
Controllers and interfaces

• Controller
• Interface

4
PC drive interfaces

• SCSI
• IDE
• IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i.Link)
• USB 1.1 and 2.0

5
ATA

• ATA up to 8.3 MBps
• EIDE proprietary extensions
• ATA-2/3 up to 16.6 MBps
• ATAPI tape and CD-ROM support
• ATA/ATAPI-4 up to 33 MBps
• ATA/ATAPI-5 up to 66 MBps
• ATA/ATAPI-6 up to 100 MBps
• ATA/ATAPI-7 up to 133 MBps
• SATA up to 300 MBps

6
PIO modes

• PIO mode 0 3.3 MBps
• PIO mode 1 5.2 MBps
• PIO mode 2 8.3 MBps
• PIO mode 3 11.1 MBps
• PIO mode 4 16.7 MBps

7
DMA modes

• Single word 0 2.1 MBps
• Single word 1 4.2 MBps
• Single word 2 8.3 MBps
• Multi word 0 4.2 MBps
• Multi word 1 13.3 MBps
• Multi word 2 16.7 MBps

8
UltraDMA modes

• UDMA mode 0 16.7 MBps
• UDMA mode 1 25 MBps
• UDMA mode 2 33.3 MBps
• UDMA mode 3 44.4 MBps
• UDMA mode 4 66.7 MBps
• UDMA mode 5 100 MBps
• UDMA mode 6 133 MBps

9
ATA motherboard connectors
10
Standard IDE cable
11
80-pin ATA cable
12
SATA data cable
13
Large drive support

• Original Interrupt 13 limit 504 MB
• LBA and ECHSup to 8.4 GB (through sector
  translation)
• Interrupt 13h extensionsup to 128 GB (through
  BIOS changes)
• ATA interface limit up to 137 GB
• Large LBAup to 144 petabytes (144,000,000 GB)
  (through bits/sector and maximum sectors chages)

14
Drive identification

• ATA supports two drives per controller
• One drive is master
• Other drive is slave
• Older drives
• Set jumper or DIP switch
• Connect to cable in correct location
• Cable select

15
Drive identification
Motherboard
Slave
Master
16
Primary and secondary
Secondary IDE
Primary IDE
17
Activity A-1
Distinguishing between drive controllers
18
SCSI
Standard Bus width Bandwidth
SCSI 8 bits 5 MBps
Fast SCSI 8 bits 10 MBps
Wide SCSI 16 bits 20 MBps
Ultra SCSI 8 bits 20 MBps
Ultra Wide SCSI 16 bits 40 MBps
Ultra2/LVD 8 bits 40 MBps
Ultra2 Wide 16 bits 80 MBps
Ultra3 16 bits 160 MBps
Ultra-320 16 bits 320 MBps
Serial SCSI 1 bit 80-375 MBps
19
SCSI device IDs

• Each device must have unique ID
• 0-7 or 0-15
• Higher IDs Higher priority
• Host Bus Adapter would be 7 or 15

20
Termination

• Terminators resistors
• Block signal reflections
• Terminate both ends of the bus
• Terminator blocks or switches
• Passive terminators
• Active terminators

21
SCSI ID and termination
SCSI ID
Termination switch
22
Differential SCSI

• Single Ended (SE)signal voltages compared to
  ground
• Differential SCSI
• Data lines are paired
• Signals are electrical opposites
• Signal is read as comparison between wires in the
  pair
• High voltage differential (HVD) ( 5V)
• Low voltage differential (LVD) ( 3.3V)

23
Other interfaces

• ST506/ST412
• ESDI
• USB
• IEEE 1394 (FireWire)

24
Activity A-2
Installing a drive controller
25
Topic B

• Topic A Drive adapters
• Topic B Video cards
• Topic C Sound cards
• Topic D Internal modems
• Topic E Expansion card troubleshooting

26
Video adapters

• Produce signals displayed by the monitor
• Text, images, video
• Black white and color

27
Creating an image

• Phosphorescent coating
• Electron beam
• Refresh (scanning) rate
• Interlacing
• Resolution
• Pixel depth (colors)

28
Maximum colors
Pixel depth Maximum colors Bytes per pixel Descriptive name
1 2 1/8th Monochrome
4 16 1/2 Standard VGA
8 256 1 256-color Super VGA
16 65,536 2 High color
24 16,777,216 3 True color
29
Video standards
Standard Text resolution Graphics resolution Text matrix Max colors Max refresh
MDA 80x25 n/a 9x14 2 50 Hz
HGC 80x25 720x348 9x14 2 50 Hz
CGA 80x25 640x200 160x200 8x8 16 4 60 Hz
EGA 80x25 640x350 8x8 16 60 Hz
VGA EGA Emulation 640x480 EGA Emulation 16 256 60 Hz
30
SuperVGA

• No official standard
• Various proprietary schemes
• VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE)
• 640x400 at 8 bits per pixel
• 1600x1200 at 16 bits per pixel

31
15-pin VGA/SVGA connector
32
VGA/SVGA socket
33
DVI connector types
34
DVI-I connector
35
Video drivers

• Software interface between OS and video adapter
• Effect performance and operation
• Updated drivers
• Performance improvements
• Error fixes
• New features
• Use manufacturers driver not Windows
• Download from manufacturers Web site

36
Video adapter slot types

• Low-end built into motherboard
• High-end three types of slots
• PCI
• PCIe
• AGP
• PC slowest work well for two-monitor system
• AGP specialized for video
• PCIe designed to replace AGP

37
An AGP video card
38
PCIe video card
39
Activity B-1
Installing a video adapter
40
Topic C

• Topic A Drive adapters
• Topic B Video cards
• Topic C Sound cards
• Topic D Internal modems
• Topic E Expansion card troubleshooting

41
PC sound

• Motherboard speaker
• Beeps and clicks
• Creative Labs SoundBlaster
• Music, plus beeps and clicks
• Digitizing input music
• SoundBlaster Pro considered the base standard

42
Sound card components

• Digital signal processor
• Analog to digital converter
• Digital to analog converter
• Jacks and ports

43
A sound card
44
Sound card connectors
Speaker
Line in
Microphone
45
Speakers
46
Activity C-1
Installing a sound card
47
Topic D

• Topic A Drive adapters
• Topic B Video cards
• Topic C Sound cards
• Topic D Internal modems
• Topic E Expansion card troubleshooting

48
Modems

• Send data signals over phone lines
• Modulation
• Demodulation
• Forms

49
Riser cards

• AMR
• Audio (sound) and modem cards
• CNR
• Communication (modem) and network cards
• ACR
• Modem, sound, and network cards
• Proprietary design to ASUS
• Simplified expansion card reduces price

50
Softmodems

• Implements features in software rather than
  hardware
• WinModem Windows-based
• Less expensive
• Easily upgradeable
• Specific to operating system (and perhaps
  version)
• Slower than hardware-based modems

51
System resources
Port IRQ I/O address
COM1 4 03F8-03FF
COM2 3 02F8-02FF
COM3 4 03E8-03EF
COM4 3 02E8-02EF
52
Activity D-1
Installing an internal modem
53
RJ-11 connectors
54
Modem connections
55
AT commands

• ATDT number
• ATDP number
• ATH
• ATA
• , (comma)
• 70
• ATZ0
• A/
• ATF

56
HyperTerminal

• Send AT commands to your modem
• Configure echo characters
• Start, All Programs, Accessories, Communications,
  HyperTerminal

57
Asynchronous and synchronous

• Mark beginning and end of data
• Asynchronous
• No clock
• Relies solely on a pattern of bits
• Synchronous
• Timer clock
• Sends bit pattern once
• Relies on timing

58
Speed standards
Standard Maximum speed
V.32 4,800 bps (async) 9,600 bps (sync)
V.32 bis 14,400 bps
V.32 terbo 19,200 bps
V.34 28,800 bps
V.34 bix 33,600 bps
V.90 56,000 bps download 33,600 bps upload
V.92 56,000 bps download 48,800 bps upload
59
MNP classes
MNP class Efficiency Throughput
1 70 39,200 bps
2 84 47,040 bps
3 108 60,480 bps
4 120 67,200 bps
5 200 112,000 bps
6 200 112,000 bps
7 300 168,000 bps
8 300 168,000 bps
9 300 168,000 bps
60
Activity D-2
Testing your modem
61
Topic E

• Topic A Drive adapters
• Topic B Video cards
• Topic C Sound cards
• Topic D Internal modems
• Topic E Expansion card troubleshooting

62
Drive controller symptoms

• IDE drive not recognized
• SCSI drive not recognized
• System with IDE drive wont boot, with or without
  BIOS error message
• System with SCSI drive wont boot, with or
  without BIOS error message
• IDE drive inaccessible or performs badly
• Full size of drive not available

63
Video card symptoms

• No video at all
• Video scrolls, flips, wavers, is too large, lines
  double up, and so forth
• Video flickers
• Video is blurry
• Image artifacts are displayed across the screen
• System freezes during a video change, such as an
  image scrolling or changing

64
Sound card symptoms

• No sound
• Sound is very low
• Sound is distorted
• No audio captured
• No audio from CD

65
Internal modem symptoms

• Modem picks up line and dials, but doesnt
  connect
• Modem reports no dial tone detected
• Connection drops frequently
• Modem connects, but only at low speeds
• Modem doesnt work at all
• Configuration related error messages

66
Activity E-1
Troubleshooting expansion card-related problems
67
Unit summary

• Defined the common drive interfaces, and
  installed a drive controller
• Described video adapters and standards, and
  installed a video adapter
• Defined sound cards, and installed a sound card
• Described modem standards, and installed a modem
• Resolved expansion card-related problems