???? ????????: (Hydrogen chloride, organic

1
????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??
??????? ???????
2
???????
??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??
??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????
??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????
????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????
?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???
???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????
????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????
??????? ???????? ???? ????". ?? ???????
??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????"
???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????
???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????
????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????
?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????
????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????
?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
???????" ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????
???????" ?????? ????????? ???????.
3
?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????
??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????" ?? ????? ????? ??
????? ???? ????" ???????? ??????? ?????????. ????
????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????
????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????-
????"- ?????? ???????? ????" ?? ????? ?????
???? ???????? (Hydrogen chloride, organic
inorganic chlorides) ?? ?????? ????? ????
?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????
???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??
??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??
??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???. ???????
????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
???????. (?) ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
???????? ?????? ???????. (?) ????? ????? ??????
?????? ??????????. (?) ????? ???????
???????????. (?) ??????? ??????? ????????
???????? ???????. ?????? (? ) ??? ????
?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. (?) ???????
????? ???????.
4
???? ????????? (Hydrogen sulfide, Mercaptans
organic sulfur) ????? ??? ?????? ??????
??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??
????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????
?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????
????????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????
??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??
????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????
????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????
????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????
???????? ???????. ?? ?????? ????? ?????????
???? ????? ??????? ???- (?) ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ??????? (??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??
200 ?) ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???
??? ?????? ?????" ???? ????????? ?????" ????"
?????" ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???.
(?) ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????
?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? (450-900 ?5) ?? ???
????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? (900
?5) ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? (Coke)
????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???
??????.
5
????? (?) ?????? ???????? ??? ????????
????????? ????????? ???? ???????? (Tubes
Headers). (?) ???????? ??????? ??????? ??
??????? ??? ????? ??????? (Transfer Lines). (?)
??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. (?) ?????????
???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? (450 ?)
?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? (Chromium
Steels) ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????
?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????
?????????? ?????" ?????" ????? ??????????.
6
(?) ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? (??? ?? 450
?) ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???
????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????
?????" ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????
????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????
?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??
????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????
??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????"
??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????????
(Hydrogen blisters). (?) ?????? ?? ?????
??????? ??????? (???? ?? 450 ?) ?? ?????
??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ????
?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????
????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???
?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? (CH4) ???
???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? (Decarburization)
????? ?????? ???" ??????" ?????? ?????? ?????
????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? (Creep) ?????
?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
(???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????
???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????
?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????"
???? ?????? ?????? ?????????). ????? ??????
?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????
???????????.
7
?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???
??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????
???????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
?????? ?????? ??? ?????" ?? ????????? ??????????
??????" ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????
??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????
?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
??????? (??? ?? 450 ?5 (260?5)) ?????? ???? ?????
?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????
??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???
???? ????" ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????.
????? (1) ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????
(Storage Tanks). (2) ????? ??????? ?????????
???????? (Heat Exchanger Channels). ?????? (1)
??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
??????. (2) ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????
??????? ??????? ???????.
8
????????? (?) ????????? ?? ????? ???????
??????? ????? ????????? ?????" ????" ?? ??????
??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????
????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????
????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??
???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????
??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
????". (?) ????????? ?? ????? ???????
??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????
????? ?? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???
?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????
?????? ?????" ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????.
9
?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??????
??????? ?? ????? ????? (Brine) ??? ?????? ??????
?????. ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????
???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????
(Sulfates to Sulfides) ????? ??? ???????
?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????" ???????
?????? ????? ??????. ????? (1) ?????? ??????
?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? (Coolers). (2)
???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??
??????? ???? ???? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????
??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????
???????. ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????
?? ????? ????? ??????- (?) ????
???????? (?) ???? ??????????. (?) ????
?????????. (?) ???? ????????. (??) ????
???????.
10
?????? (1) ??????? ????? ??????. (2) ??? ????
?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
???????. ?????? ????????? ????? ??????
????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????
????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????" ?????"
?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????
????? ?????? (Dew Point). ?? ???? ????????? ??
?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????
?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????
??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????" ??? ???
???? ?????? ??????? (SO3) ???? ?? ??? ???? ??.
?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???
?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????
??????? ??????? ???????.
11
?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
??????????? (Caustic Sodium Hydroxide)
?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??
?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????
????? ??? ??? ???? ????" ?? ????? ??????.
????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (C.S)
?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
???????? ????????? (Caustic embrittlement) ?????"
????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? (200?). ??????
??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???
?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??
(400 ?) ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????
????. ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????
????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????
?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????
?????????) ?????" ???? ??????? ????????. ????
???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????
???????.
12
???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????
????????? ?????? (85-90 ????") ????? ????? ??
????? ??????? (Alkylation units) ?? ???? ??????
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ?????
?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? (?)
?????? ?????? ???? (??? ?? 85 ????") ????
?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????
?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???
????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????
??? ??????. (?) ?????? ?????? ???? (???? ??
85 ????") ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??????
??????? ????? ??????? (70 ???? ? 30 ????)
??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????.
13
??????? (Carbolic Acid) ?????? ?? ????? ????
??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????
??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????.
?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????
??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????
??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????????.
???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????
??????" ?????" ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????
?????? (pH8) ?????" ?????" ?????" ???? ????
????? ????? ????. ???????? Chlorine ?????? ??
????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????
?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????
??????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????
??????? ?????- (?) ????? ?????????? ? C
Hastelloy (????? ?????? ????????????). (?)
??????????. (?) ??????????. (?) ??????. (??)
PVC. (?) ?????? ??? ????????.
14
????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????
??????? (1) ?????? ??????? uniform
corrosion ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????
????? Atmospheric corrosion ????? ??????? ?????
???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. (2)
?????? ??????? Pitting corrosion ??? ??? ??
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????
?????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???
????? ?????" ????" ????? ?? ??????? ???" ????
????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????
??????? (Pit gauge). (3) ?????? ????????
(Galvanic corrosion) ???? ???? ????? ????
???- (?) ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????
?????? ???? ??????????- (?) ??????? ???? ??
?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? (Crevice
corrosion)- ???? ????
??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??
??? ?????? (?) ????? ???? ????? ???????
????????????Differential Temp. ???? ????
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? (Tube Supports).
15
(4) ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????
Intergranular corrosion ??? ???? ????? ????
????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????
????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????"
?????" ?????" ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????
?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????
?????. ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????
??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????????
(18/8) ???? ??? (1 ???) ??? ???????? ???????? ???
???? ????? (425-870?5) ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????
????? ?????? (Weld Decay) ??? ???? ?????? ???
???????? ??? ???????? ??????. ?????? ???????
????? ???? ???????? (02?0-03?0) ??? ???????
(316L,304L).????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????
?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???
???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?
??????????? ? ???????????. (5) ?????? ??????
(Stress corrosion) ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????????
?? ???? ???????? ????? (Intergranular or
Transgranular) ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???
??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
???? ?????? (????? ???????) ????? ?????. ?? ?????
??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????
????" ?? ???????.
16
????? (?) ??????? ??????? ????? / ??????
???????? ? ?????? ? ??? ????? ? ?????????
????????. (?) ?????? ????????? / ?????? ?????????
???????? ? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?
????? ????? ??????? ??????????. (?) ??????? /
???? ???? ????????????? ?? ???? ????????. (6)
?????? ??????????? (Hydrogen Attack) ??
?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??
????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???
?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????. (7)
?????? ?????? (Corrosion Fatigue) ???? ?? ????
?????? ??? ????? ?????? (Cyclic stress) ??????
??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????
???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????. ????
??????? ???????.
17
(8) ?????? ???????? (Erosion corrosion)
????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????
??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
???????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????
????? ????? ????? ???? ?????" ??? ???? ??????
??????. ????? (?) ????? ???????? ? ??????? ?
????????? ? ?????? ???????. (?) ????? ??????
?????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????
???????. ?????? (?) ??????? ????? ???? ????
????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. (?)??????? ?????
?????? ?????? ?????. (?) ??????? ????? ????. (?)
????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????
???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? Hard
surfacing. (??) ??????? ?????????.
18

• ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????
  ?????-
• ????????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?
  ????????? ? ???????? ????????.
• (10) ?????? ???????? ???????? Corrosion
  Microbiological (Bacteria)
• ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????
  ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????
  ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????
  ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????.
• ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????
  ???? ?????????.
• ??????
• (?) ????? ???????? ????? ?????.
• (?) ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????.
• (?) ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????
  ???? ???????.
• (?) ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????.
• ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ??
  ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???-
• (11) ?????? ????????? Cavitations.

19
????? ???