????a ?a??a ?p? t?? ep?

1
???????

• ????a ?a??a
  ?p? t?? ep?ß?e?? t?? ? Stas?????
• . ??? 200711

2
?? ????? ? ???????

• ??t????, ???p?? ?p?? t? ???µa ?p???e?, µp??e? ?a
  pe????afe? ?? a?t??et? t?? s?????sµ???? ????
• ?ts? ?p?? ta s?µat?d?a e?????ta? µeta?? t???
  ?a? s??µat????? ta ?t?µa p?? e??a? ?? ßas????
  d?µ???? ????? t?? ????, ?a p??pe? ?a? ta
  a?t?s?µat?d?a ?a e?????ta? µeta?? t??? ?a? ?a
  s??µat????? ta a?t??t?µa ta ?p??a ?a e??a? ta
  ßas??? d?µ??? s?stat??? t?? a?t?????.

3
? ?S????? ??S

• ?? 1905 ? Albert Einstein ap??????e t?? ?e???a
  t?? ??a t?? ??d??? S?et???t?ta e?????ta? t??
  s??s? t?? ????? µe t?? ????? ?a? t?? s??s? µeta??
  t?? e????e?a? ?a? t?? µ??a? st?? pe??f?µ?
  e??s?s?.
• ? Max Planck ?p??ese ?t? ???e ??µa f?t?? ???eta?
  sa? ??a µ???? pa??t?, t? ?p??? ???µase ?ß??t?. ?e
  t?? t??p? a?t? t? f?? de? e??a? ap?? ??a ??µa ?
  ??a ap?? ??a s?µat?d?? a??? ??a? s??d?asµ?? t??
  d??. ?ts? ????µe t?? e?sa???? t?? d?tt?? f?s??
  t?? f?t??.

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? ?S????? ??S

• ?at? t? de?aet?a t?? 1920 ?? f?s???? p??spa???sa?
  ?a efa?µ?s??? t?? ?d?a ?d?a st? ?t?µ? ?a? ta
  s?stat??? t??, ?a? µ???? t? t???? t?? de?aet?a?
  ?? Erwin Schrodinger ?a? Werner Heisenberg e??a?
  ?eµe???se? t? ??a ?ßa?t??? Te???a t?? f?s????.
• ?? 1928, ? Paul Dirac ???se t? p??ß??µa ?ft?a?e
  µ?a e??s?s?, p?? s??d?a?e t?? ?ßa?t??? ?e???a ?a?
  t?? e?d??? s?et???t?ta, ??a ?a pe??????e? t?
  s?µpe??f??? t?? ??e?t??????.

5
? ?S????? ??S

• ?? 1932 ? Carl Anderson, ??a? ???? ?a????t?? st?
  ?d??µa t?? te???????a? st?? ?a??f????a
  (California Institute of Technology), µe?et??se
  t? ??? t?? ??sµ???? s?µat?d??? se ??a ???aµ?
  ??f?s?? ?a? e?de µ?a t????? p?? af????e ap? "??t?
  p?? ?ta? ?et??? f??t?sµ???, ?a? µe t?? ?d?a µ??a
  µe a?t?? t?? ??e?t??????".

6
? ?S????? ??S

• ??? ??t?ß??? t?? 1955 ?? New York Times ?????
  p??t?s???d? ??? ??????? SO??????? ???????FT???.
  ?????????? ???????? ??O?????.
• t? 1959 µ?a ???? ?µ?da f?s???? (B. Cork, O.
  Piccione, W. Wenzel ?a? G. Lambertson) p??
  e??a??ta? st? Bevatron a?a?????se t?? a?a??????
  t?? a?t??et??????.

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? ?S????? ??S

• t? 1965 µe t?? pa?at???s? t?? antideuteron, e???
  p????a a?t????? p?? ap?te?e?ta? ap? ??a
  a?t?p??t???? ?a? ??a a?t??et?????, se
  a?t?pa???es? µe t? deuteron, t?? p????a t??
  at?µ?? t?? deuterium p?? ap?te?e?ta? ap? ??a
  p??t???? ?a? ??a ?et?????.

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TO ????????

• ?p?? ? e??s?s? µp??e? ?a ??e? d??
  p??a??? ??se?? (x2 ? x--2), ?ts? ? e??s?s?
  Dirac
• ?a µp????se ?a ??e? d?? ??se??, µ?a ??a ??a
  ??e?t????? µe ?et??? e????e?a, ?a? µ?a ??a ??a
  ??e?t????? µe a???t??? e????e?a. ???? st??
  ??ass??? f?s???, ? e????e?a e??? s?µat?d???
  p??pe? p??ta ?a e??a? ??a? ?et???? a???µ??.

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? ??O?? ???S??T??? ???G?S?S

•  ? ???assa Dirac e??a? ??a ?e???t??? p??t?p? t??
  ?e??? ?? ?pe??? ???assa s?µat?d??? p?? ?at?????
  a???t??? e????e?a. ?fe??????e ap? t? ß?eta??
  f?s??? t? 1930 ??a ?a e????se? t?? ??a??µa?e?
  ?atast?se???? ??a ta a???t??? ?ßa?t??? e?e??e?a??
  ep?peda p?? p??ß??f???a? ap? t?? e??s?s? Dirac
  ??a ta s?et?st??? ??e?t????a. ?? p???t?????, t?
  a?t?st???? a?t?s?µ?t?? t?? ??e?t??????,
  s????f???e a????? ?? ?p? st? ???assa Dirac, p???
  p??? ap? t?? pe??aµat??? a?a?????? t?? t? 1932.

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?? ????????S

• ? Robert Oppenheimer ep?s?µa?e ?t? ??a
  ??e?t????? ?a? ? ?p? t?? ?a ?ta? se ??s? ?a
  e?µ?de??s??? t? ??a t? ????, ape?e??e?????ta?
  e????e?a ?s? µe t?? e????e?a ??eµ?a? t??
  ??e?t?????? ?p? µ??f? e?e???t???? f?t????? e?? ??
  ?p?? ?ta? p??t???a, ta sta?e?? ?t?µa de? ?a
  ?p???a?!!.
• ? Hermann Weyl ep?s?? s?µe??se ?t? µ?a ?p? p??pe?
  ?a e?e???se? sa? ??e? t?? ?d?a µ??a µe ??a
  ??e?t?????, e?? t? p??t???? e??a? pe??p?? d??
  ?????de? f???? ßa??te??.

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? ??S?

• ?e???? ? ap??t?s? se a?t? t?? pe??e??? ??s? t??
  e??s?s?? ?ta? ? pe??aµat??? a?a?????? t??
  p???t??????

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?S G?O??S???? ??? ???????
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?? s?µµet??e? st? F?s???!

• C s?µµet??a e??a? ? s?µµet??a p?? ????? ??
  f?s???? ??µ?? ??t? ap? a??a?? t?? s?????a?
  f??t???. ?? ßa??t???? ?a? ?? ?s?????
  a????ep?d??se?? ?pa???? st? s?µµet??a a?t? e??
  a?t??eta ?? as?e?e?? t?? pa?aß??????.
• G?a t?? C te?est? ?s?????

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?? s?µµet??e? st? F?s???!

• P s?µµet??a ?e????µe ?t? ????µe ??a s?µe?? se
  ??a s?st?µa s??teta?µ???? ?a? ?e????µe ?t?
  ??at??ta? t? s?µe?? sta?e?? a??????µe t? s?st?µa
  s??teta?µ????

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?? s?µµet??e? st? F?s???!

• T s?µµet??a ????eta? ??a? te?est?? ? ? ?p????
  µetat??pe? t? ??????? st??µ? t st?? ???????
  st??µ? t. ?? ??a f?s??? s?st?µa pa?aµ??e?
  a?a?????t? ??t? ap? t?? a??a?? a?t? ,??µe ?t? t?
  s?st?µa s?ßeta? t?? s?µµet??a a?t?st??f?? ??????

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?? s?µµet??e? st? F?s???!

• CP s?µµet??a ? CP e??a? t? p????? d??
  s?µµet???? t?? C (s?????a f??t???), p??
  µetas??µat??e? ??a s?µ?t?? st? a?t?s?µ?t?? t??,
  ?a? t?? P (p???t?), ? ?p??a d?µ?????e? t?? e????a
  e?d???? se ?a???fte? e??? f?s???? s?st?µat??. ?
  ?s???? a????ep?d?as? ?a? ? ??e?t??µa???t???
  a????ep?d?as? fa????ta? ?a e??a? aµet?ß??te? ??t?
  ap? t?? µetas??µat?sµ? CP, a??? a?t? ? s?µµet??a
  pa?aß???eta? ?at? t? d????e?a ???sµ???? t?p??
  as?e??? d?asp?se??

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?? s?µµet??e? st? F?s???!Te???µa CPT

• ??? ????µe
• ??a t?p??? ?ßa?t??? ?e???a (?? t?p???? ?e???e?
  ap???e???? t?? e? ap?st?se?? a????ep?d??se??)
• ? ?e???a pa?aµ??e? a?a?????t? ?? p??? t???
  µetas??µat?sµ??? Lorentz.
• ?p???e? s??des? sp??-stat?st????, d??ad? ta
  fe?µ????a ?pa?????? st?? stat?st??? Fermi-Dirac
  ?a? ta µp?????a st?? stat?st??? Bose-Einstein
• )t?te ? s??d?asµ??? s?µµet??a CPT e??a? ap???t?.

18
?? G?????? ???? ? ??? S??????S?? ??? ???????
19
?? G?????? ???? ? ??? S??????S?? ??? ???????
20
?? G?????? ???? ? ??? S??????S?? ??? ???????
21
?? ???? S???? ??O??????

• G?at? ?p???e? te???? µ??? ???
• G?at? ??? ? ??? ?a? ? a?t???? ?ta? s??a?t????a?
  de? e?a??????a? ?ts? ?ste ?a d?µ???????e? ??a
  s?µpa? ????? ???

• G?at? a??µ? ?a? t? ??a st? d?se?at?µµ????
  s?µat?d?a ep???sa? e?? ?p???a? ?sa p?s? ???? ?a?
  a?t?????

22
??? ??????S? T? ??? ?OS?? ?? ???F??????
23
??? ??????S? T? ??? ?OS?? ?? ???F??????

• St?? p?a?µat???t?ta, aµ?s?? µet? ap? t? Big Bang,
  t? µe?a??te?? µ???? t?? ???? ?a? t?? a?t?????
  e?a??????e , a??? ??a st? d?se?at?µµ????
  s?µat?d?a ep???sa? ?a? ap? a?t? ????a? ??
  ?a?a??e? ?a? ? ??sµ?? ?p?? eµe?? t?? ?????µe
  t??a.
• ? ap??t?s? ß??s?eta? t??????st?? µe????? se ??a
  fa???µe?? p?? ap??a?e?ta? pa?aß?as? t?? ????t?
  F??t??? (CP) ? ?p??a de???e? ?t? ? ??? ?a? ?
  a?t???? d?asp??ta? d?af??et???

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??? ??????S? T? ??? ?OS?? ?? ???F??????

• ??t? p?? s???ß? p?a?µat??? e??a? ?t? ?at? t?
  d????e?a t?? Big Bang ??p??a p?s? a?t?????
  d?aµ??f?sa? ??µ???? pa?????a?? ta fe?µ????a p??
  s??d???? t?? t??sd??stat? f?s??? ??sµ? µe t??
  pe?tad??stat? ?pe????? . ??t? ta fe?µ????a,
  µe?a??? ?p?? ?a? ast??e? ?et?????? p?? s??d????
  t? f?s??? ??sµ? µa? (t??sd??stat? ????) µe t?
  pe?tad??stat? ?pe????? pa?????? ta apa?a?t?ta
  a????µata µ?s? t?? ?p???? ? ?pe?????? pa???e? µ?a
  a?a???f?s?. ??t? ? a?a???f?s? ap? t?? ?pe?????
  e??a? ???st? ?? ßa??t?ta ?a? ??e?t??µa???t???
  ped?a ta ?p??a ?p?????? ???? ap? t? f?s??? ??sµ?.
  
• ??p???? a?t?µet??t?? d?aµ??f?se ta fe?µ????a
  ? pa?????a p?? e??a? µ????te?a se µ??e??? ap? t?
  µ??e??? e??? s?µat?d??? p?? s??d?e? t? f?s???
  ??sµ? ?a? t?? ?pe?????.

25
??? ??????S? T? ??? ?OS?? ?? ???F??????
26
STANDAR MODEL ??? ???????
27
STANDAR MODEL ??? ???????

• ? ?s?d??aµ?a t?? ?d??????? ?a? t?? a?t??d??????
  ßas??eta? se µ?a ?p??es? p?? ???µ??eta? CPT
  s?µµet??a. ??t? s?µa??e? ?t? a? ??p???? p??e? ??a
  ??µµ?t? ???? ?a? a?t?st???e? ta?t?????a ??a ta
  f??t?a t?? st???e??? p?? t? ap?te????, t??
  ?ate????s? t?? ?????? p?? ????e? ?a? µ?a? ?????
  ?d??t?ta? p?? ???µ??eta? parity, ? ??a ?at?stas?
  p?? ?a p?????e? ?a ?pa???e? st??? ?d???? f?s?????
  ??µ???.
• ?? ? CPT s?µµet??a ?s??e?, t? a?t??d?????? ?a
  s?µpe??f??eta? sa? t? ?d??????. ?d?a?te?a ?a
  e?p?µpe? ?a? ?a ap????f? a?t???ß???a st?? ?d?e?
  s????t?te?. ???ad? ?a ?????, µe ???a ????a, t?
  ?d?? f?sµa e?p?µp?? ?a? ap????f?s??. ?? ?µ?? t?
  f?sµa e??a? d?af??et??? ? ?e???a t?? CPT
  s?µµet??a? ?a ?ata??e?se?.
• ?? d?af???? µeta?? t?? d?? fasµ?t?? µp??e? ?a µa?
  ß????s??? ?a ?ata??ß??µe t? ??at? ?p???e?
  pe??ss?te?? ??? ap? a?t???? st? s?µpa?, a? ?a? ?
  ?e???a t?? Big-Bang p??ß??pe? ?sa p?s? ???? ?a?
  a?t????? st? s?µpa?!

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G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?? ?????T??.

29
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ????????? ??????
??????

• ? DORIS (Doppel-Ring-Speicher) ??a? d?p???
  da?t????? ap????e?s??), e??e ??e?d?? s??µa
  d?ast?se?? 50 ? 100 m. ??ap?????ta?
  ??e?t????a ?at? p???t?????? µe µe???? d??aµ?, ?
  DORIS ?at?fe?e ?a a?eße? t? ep?µe?? s?a??p?t? t??
  ???µa?a? t?? ??????, pa?????ta? s?µat?d?a
  ap?te???µe?a ap? t? p?µpt? ??????, t?? ?µ??f??
  (? pu?µ??a), ?a? t? a?t??????? t??.

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G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ?????????
G???????SPEAR 1974

• ?ta? ta ??e?t????a ?a? ta p???t????a ?d???s??? se
  ??a s??t???sµ? ???a??-a?t???????, t? s?µa t??
  te?e?ta??? e??a? d??at? ?a? ?a?a????a ??????
  d?aspaste? se d?? ??µµ?t?a µe ?????? ?a?
  a?t???????. Ost?s? ?ta? sta ??e?t????a ?a? ta
  p???t????a pe??sse?e? e????e?a, t? s?µa t??
  ?e????? ??????-a?t??????? e??a? asaf??. ?
  ep?p???? e????e?a d???ete?eta? st??? desµ???
  ?ßa?t????? desµ??? µeta?? ???a??-a?t????a??.

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G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ?????????
G???????SPEAR 1974

• ?a??? a????eta? ? e????e?a , ?? desµ?? a?t??
  a??????? ?a d?????ta? ?p?? ? ???d? µ?a? ?????a?.
  ?? s??e??s??µe ?a t??f?d?t??µe µe e????e?a ?
  ???d? ?a sp?se? ?a? ta 2 ??µµ?t?a ?a e?t??e?t???
  se a?t??ete? ?ate????se??.
• ?a??t? ??e? sp?se? ??a? desµ?? ???a??-
  a???????? a?t? de? ???????ta?. S?? ??sµ? µa? de?
  ????? pa?at????e? e?e??e?a ?????? ? a?t????a??.
  ?ts? a? d?a??????µe t?? e?ast??? desµ? µeta??
  e??? ???a?? ?a? e??? a?t????a?? ?a ????µe 2
  ?a??????a ?e??? t? ?a???a µe t? d??? t?? desµ?.
• ? e?ast???? desµ?? p?? s????ate? ta ??????
  ???eta? ????????. ?ta? ta ?????? ?a? ta
  a?t??????? ?????? p??? ???t? ? desµ?? t??? e??a?
  p?a?t??? µ? a????e?s?µ??. ?? d?aspaste? ?µ?? ?a
  ????µe a?t???ß???a ap? ??a µ???? t??
  ap????e?µ???? e????e??? t?? desµ??. ? t?s? p??
  ape?e??e???eta? ap? t? ???? t?? desµ??
  ???????a?t??????? pa???e? s?µat?d?a, ta ???????a.
  ?a pa?a??µe?a s?µat?d?a, d?? ?µ?de? ????????? sta
  ???a t?? ?p???? ?p?????? ??a ???a?? ?a? ??a
  a?t??????? ?a? µ?a t??t? ?µ?da ?????????
  µ???????ta? t? d?a??s?µ? e????e?a s??µat????ta?
  ??a ?st?? µe 3 ????f??

32
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?? ??????

33
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?????e?a

34
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ??e? ?? µ??f?? e????e?a? e??a? µeta?? t???
  µetat????µe? ?a? ???e t?t??a d?e??as?a ??e? ??a
  sta?e?? ???µ? µetat??p??

• ?d? ? ???µ?? µetat??p?? µeta?? t?? e????e?a? ?
  ?a? t?? µ??a? m d??eta? ap? t? s??s?
• ?p?? c ? ta??t?ta t?? f?t??.
• ?? f?? d?ad?deta? p??? ??????a, µe ta??t?ta
  300.000 ?????µet?a (pe??p?? ept? f???? ?
  pe??µet??? t?? G??!!!) t? de?te???ept?.

35
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?ta? ? a???µ?? a?t?? ????e? st? tet??????,
  ???eta? p??? µe????? ?a? ? d?s????a µetat??p??
  t?? e?e??e??? e????e?a? se ad?a?e?a?? µ??a e??a?
  µe????.
• ??e? ?? p???? e????e?a? apa?t??? ??p??? e?d??
  a?a??s?µ?? ?a?s?µ??. ? a????s? a?t? µp??e? ?a
  p??e? t? µ??f? e?te t?? ??µ???? ?a?s??, ?p?? t?
  ?a?s?µ? s??d???eta? µe ???????, e?te
• t?? p???????? ?a?s??, ?p?? ßa?e?? ?a?
  asta?e?? p????e? µetast???e?????ta? se
  e?af??te???? ?a? sta?e??te????.

36
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?????sta ??aµµ???a a?t????? ?a epa????sa? ??a t??
  ??e?t??d?t?s? ????????? p???? ep? a??et?? ??e?.
• ?p?p??s??t??, ? d?e??as?a t?? e?a???s?? ?a e??e
  ßa?µ? ap?d?s?? 100 ?a? ?a pa???e µ?de????
  ap?ß??ta.

37
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?e?????? ??s????e?
• ?e ????? t?? e?sa??µe??? e????e?a? ??a t??
  pa?a???? ?a? ap????e?s? desµ?? p??t????? ??????
  e????e?a?, ? ßa?µ?? ap?d?s?? t?? d?e??as?a?
  pa?a????? e????e?a? a?t????? ?a ?ta?0,00000001.
  ???µ? ?a? µ?a atµ?µ??a?? e??a? e?at?µµ???a f????
  p?? ap?d?t???! ?e µ?a ?s???? p??? e????e?a? ??a
  a????? st??µa ap? p?????ta t?? a?t?d?as?? ?a
  µ???se? t?? ?p????p? p??? , eµp?d????t?? t? ?a
  s?µµet?s?e? st?? a?t?d?as?.

38
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?a d?ast?µ??? s??f?? p?? ?a ????? ???? ?a?s?µ???
  t?? a?t????.

39
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ? ???????

40
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ? ?- Camera.
• ?e ta s?st?µata ?-Camera, e?t?? ap? t??
  stat???? e????e?, e??a? d??at? ? ???? p?????
  e?????? s??a?t?se? t?? ??????, ?e????? p??
  ?a??st? ef??t?
• t?? ape?????s? t?? µetaß???? t?? ?ata??µ?? t??
  ?ad??fa?µ????, st? ?p? e??tas? ???a??, µe t??
  p???d? t?? ?????? (d??aµ??? µe??t?).
• ?e ta s?st?µata Spect,  p?? ????? t? d??at?t?ta
  a?t?µat?? ?a? p????aµµat???µe??? pe??st??f?? ????
  ap? t?? as?e??, se ep???µ?t? a?t??a ?a? ta??t?ta
  pe??st??f??, µp????µe ?a ?aµß????µe t??sd??state?
  e????e?.

41
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?????a ? cameras

42
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• PET

43
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?a p???t????a (?et??? ??e?t????a) e?p?µp??ta? ap?
  ?ad?e?e????? p????e?, p?? d?a??t??? pe??sse?a
  p??t?????. ??????ta? µ??? ???a ?????st? µ?sa st??
  ???, µ????? ?t?? s??a?t?s??? ??a a???t???
  ??e?t?????, µe t? ?p??? s????????ta?. ? s??????s?
  a?t? ???? ? a?t????? ?ata???e? st?? e?a???s? t??
  d?? s?µat?d??? ?a? t? d?µ??????a d?? f?t?????,
  a?t???? ?, e?e??e?a? 511Kev t? ?a???a, ta ?p??a
  e?p?µp??ta? ?at? a?t??ete? ?ate????se??, ?p?
  ????a 180 ?a? a????e???ta? ap? ?at????????
  a????e?t??, ?ste ?a ?a?????eta? µe µe????
  a???ße?a t? s?µe??, ?p?? s???ß? ? e?a???s?.

44
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?e t?? ???s? t?? PET p??sd???????µe
• T?s? ?e?p?as???
• ??f???st???? d?ata?a??? t?? e??ef????
• ?etaß???? st? ??? t?? a?µat?? a??µa ?a?
  µ????s??p????

45
G???? ??S? F?S???? G?? ??? ???????

• ?????s??p?? a?t????? a????e?e? at??e?e? ?µ?a?????
• ?ta? ??a p???t????? e?s???eta? se ??a de??µa
  ?µ?a????? ap? s?µe?a ???sta?????? ?e??? t?te
  ???e??? pe??ss?te?? ap? ??a p???t????? p??
  e?s???eta? ap? ?p??ad?p?te ???? s?µe??. ?ts?
  a?????a µe t? ????? ???? t?? p???t??????
  ?a???????µe a? ? ?µ?a????? ??e? at??e?e?

46
S?S ??????S?O