LEARNING AREA 2

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LEARNING AREA 2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS
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Topic 2.1 - System Concept
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2.1.1 Overview of Computer Systems

• 2.1.1.1 Define Computer System.
• A COMPUTER SYSTEM IS DEFINED AS
• COMBINATION OF COMPONENTS
• DESIGNED TO PROCESS DATA AND
• STORE FILES.
• DIDEFINISIKAN SEBAGAI KOMBINASI
• KOMPONEN YANG DIREKA UNTUK
• MEMPROSES DATA DAN MENYIMPAN FAIL

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2.1.1 Overview of Computer Systems

• 2.1.1.2 State the meaning of input, processor,
  output and storage.
• I. INPUT
• INPUT IS ANY DATA OR INSTRUCTIONS THAT WE ENTER
  INTO THE COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING.
• II. PROCESS
• PROCESS IS A MACHINE CYCLE THAT CONSIST FOUR
  BASIC OPERATIONS, THATS ARE FETCHING,ECODING,
  EXECUTING AND STORING.
• III. OUTPUT
• OUTPUT IS DATA THAT HAS BEEN PROCESSED INTO A
  USEFUL FORM, CALLED INFORMATION. THERE ARE FOUR
  TYPES OF OUTPUT, WHICH ARE TEXTS, GRAPHICS, AUDIO
  AND VIDEO.
• IV. STORAGE
• STORAGE IS A LOCATION WHICH DATA, INSTRUCTION
  AND INFORMATION ARE HELD FOR FUTURE USE. EVERY
  COMPUTER USES STORAGE TO HOLD SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND
  APPLICATION SOFTWARE

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2.1.1 Overview of Computer Systems

• 2.1.1.2 State the meaning of input, processor,
  output and storage.
• I. MASUKAN
• MASUKAN ADALAH APA-APA DATA ATAU ARAHAN YANG
  DIMASUKKAN KE DALAM SISTEM KOMPUTER UNTUK
  DIPROSES
• II. PROSES
• PROSES ADALAH KITARAN MESIN YANG MENGANDUNGI 4
  OPERSI IAITU
• MENARIK, MENGKOD, MELAKSANA DAN
  MENYIMPAN.
• III. KELUARAN
• KELUARAN ADALAH DATA YANG DIPROSES KE DALAM
  BENTUK BERGUNA DIPANGGIL MAKLUMAT. ADA 4 JENIS
  KELUARAN IAITU TEKS, GRAFIK,AUDIO DAN VIDEO.
• IV. SIMPANAN
• SIMPANAN ADALAH TEMPAT DI MANA DATA, ARAHAN DAN
  MAKLUMAT
• DISIMPAN UNTUK KEGUNAAN AKAN DATANG.
  SETIAP KOMPUTER MEMPUNYAI SIMPANAN UNTUK MEMEGANG
  PERISIAN SISTEM DAN PERISIAN APLIKASI.

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2.1.1 Overview of Computer Systems

• 2.1.1.3 Describe the information processing cycle
  which includes input, process, output and
  storage.
• USER WILL INPUT THE DATA TO BE PROCESSED BY THE
  PROCESSOR. THE
• STORAGE HOLDS DATABASES, FILES AND PROGRAMS. THE
  OUTPUT DEVICES
• PRESENT THE PROCESSED DATA AS USEFUL INFORMATION
  PRODUCTS FOR THE
• USER
• PENGGUNA AKAN MEMASUKKAN DATA UNTUK DIPROSES OLEH
  PEMPROSESAN.
• SIMPANAN AKAN MEMEGANG PANGKALAN DATA, FAIL DAN
  PROGRAM. PERANTI
• KELUARAN MEMPERSEMBAHKAN DATA YANG TELAH DIPROSES
  KE DALAM
• BENTUK MAKLUMAT YANG BERGUNA UNTUK PENGGUNA

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2.1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION

• 2.1.2.1 State the relationship of data
  representation bit, byte and character.
• BIT
• A BIT IS THE SMALLEST UNIT OF DATA THAT THE
  COMPUTER CAN PROCESS. BIT IS A SHORT FOR BINARY
  DIGIT. A BIT IS REPRESENTED BY THE NUMBERS 1 AND
  0.
• MERUPAKAN UNIT DATA TERKECIL DI MANA PC BOLEH
  MEMPROSESNYA. BIT SANGAT PENDEK UNTUK DIGIT
  BINARI. IA MEWAKILI NOMBOR 0 DAN 1
• BYTE
• BYTE IS A UNIT OF INFORMATION BUILT FROM BITS.
  ONE BYTE IS EQUALS TO 8 BITS.
• BAIT ADALAH UNIT MAKLUMAT DARIPADA BIT. SATU BAIT
  BERSAMAAN 8 BIT.
• CHARACTER
• 8 BITS 1 BYTE
• 8 BIT 1 BAIT

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2.1.3 Introduction to Binary Coding

• 2.1.3.1 Explain the function of ASCII code
• TO ACHIEVE COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN VARIOUS TYPES OF
  DATA
• PROCESSING EQUIPMENT MAKING IT POSSIBLE FOR THE
• COMPONENTS TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER
  SUCCESSFULLY.
• ENABLES MANUFACTURERS TO PRODUCE COMPONENTS THAT
  ARE
• ASSURED TO OPERATE CORRECTLY IN A COMPUTER.
• ENABLES HUMAN TO INTERACT WITH A COMPUTER.
• ENABLES USERS TO PURCHASE COMPONENTS THAT ARE
  COMPATIBLE WITH
• THEIR COMPUTER CONFIGURATIONS.
• UNTUK MENCAPAI KESESUAIAN ANTARA BERBAGAI JENIS
  PERALATAN
• MEMPROSES DATA BAGI MENJADIKANNYA SESUAI DENGAN
  KOMPONEN PC
• UNTUK BERKOMUNIKASI DENGAN LANCAR
• MEMBENARKAN PEMBUAT KOMPONEN MEMBUAT KOMPONEN
  YANG BOLEH
• BEROPERASI DENGAN BETUL DI DALAM PC
• MEMBENARKAN MANUSIA BERKOMUNIKASI DENGAN PC
• MEMBOLEHKAN PENGGUNA MEMBELI KOMPONEN PC YANG
  SESUAI DENGAN
• KONFIGURASI KOMPUTER MEREKA.

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2.1.4Data Measurements

• 2.1.4.1 STATE THE UNIT OF DATA MEASUREMENT
• BIT BIT
• BYTES BAIT
• KILOBYTES (KB) KILOBAIT
• MEGABYTE (MB) MEGABAIT
• GIGABYTE (GB) GIGABAIT
• TERABYTE (TB) TERABAIT

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2.1.5 Clock Speed Measurement

• 2.1.5.1 Describe the units of clock speed
  measurement
• MEGAHERTZ (MHZ)
• MEGA IS A PREFIX THAT STANDS FOR MILLION. THUS,
  MEGAHERTZ (MHZ) EQUALS TO ONE MILLION CYCLES OF
  THE SYSTEM CLOCK.
• MEGA ADALAH TAMBAHAN KEPADA JUTA. MAKA MEGAHERTZ
  BERSAMAAN DENGAN KITARAN SATU JUTA DARIPADA
  SISTEM JAM
• 1 MHZ 1,000,000 1 SECOND
• GIGAHERTZ (GHZ)
• GIGA IS A PREFIX THAT STANDS FOR
  BILLION.GIGAHERTZ (GHZ) EQUALS TO ONE BILLION
  CYCLES OF THE SYSTEM CLOCK.
• GIGA ADALAH TAMBAHAN KEPADA RIBU JUTA. MAKA
  GIGAHERTZ BERSAMAAN DENGAN KITARAN SATU RIBU JUTA
  DARIPADA SISTEM JAM
• 1 GHZ 1,000,000,000 CYCLES
• 1 SECOND
• 1 GHZ 1000 MHZ

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Topic 2.2 - PERKAKASAN (HARDWARE)
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2.2.1 Input Devices

• 2.2.1.1 Identify the input devices used for text,
  graphic, audio and video
• Text keyboard
• Graphic scanner
• Audio microphone
• Video webcam

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2.2.2 Output Devices

• 2.2.2.1 Identify the output devices used for
• text, graphic, audio and video

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2.2.3 Motherboard

• 2.2.3.1 Identify the location of the central
  processing unit (CPU), expansion slots, expansion
  cards, RAM motherboard

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2.2.4 Storage

• 2.2.4.1 Explain types and function of -
  primary stroge (RAM , ROM )
• PRIMARY STORAGE
• IS KNOWN AS THE MAIN MEMORY OF A COMPUTER,
  INCLUDING RAM (RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY) AND ROM
  (READ-ONLY MEMORY)
• IT IS AN INTERNAL MEMORY (INSIDE THE CPU)
  THAT CAN BE ACCESSED DIRECTLY BY THE PROCESSOR.
• FUNCTION OF RAM
• RAM IS VOLATILE WHICH MEANS THE PROGRAMS AND DATA
  IN RAM ARE LOST WHEN THE COMPUTER IS POWERED OFF.
• A COMPUTER USES RAM TO HOLD TEMPORARY
  INSTRUCTIONS AND DATA NEEDED TO COMPLETE TASKS.
  THIS ENABLES THE COMPUTER'S CPU (CENTRAL
  PROCESSING UNIT) TO ACCESS INSTRUCTIONS AND DATA
  STORED IN THE MEMORY VERY QUICKLY.
• RAM STORES DATA DURING AND AFTER PROCESSING.
• FUNCTION OF ROM
• ROM IS NON-VOLATILE. IT HOLDS THE PROGRAMS AND
  DATA WHEN THE COMPUTER IS POWERED OFF.
• PROGRAMS IN ROM HAVE BEEN PRE-RECORDED. IT CAN
  ONLY BE STORED BY THE MANUFACTURER ONCE IT IS
  DONE, IT CANNOT BE CHANGED.
• MANY COMPLEX FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS START UP
  OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS, TRANSLATORS FOR
  HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES AND OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE
  PLACED IN ROM MEMORY.

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2.2.4 Storage

• 2.2.4.1 Explain types and function of -
  primary stroge (RAM , ROM
• STORAN /SIMPANAN PRIMER(UTAMA)
• DIKENALI SEBAGAI MEMORI UTAMA PC, IA
  TERMASUK RAM (MEMORI CAPAIAN RAWAK) DAN ROM
  (MEMORI CAPAIAN BACA SHJ)IA MERUPAKAN MEMORI
  DALAMAN (DI CPU/UNIT PEMPROSESAN PUSAT) YANG
  BOLEH DICAPAI TERUS OLEH PEMPROSES.
• FUNGSI RAM
• RAM ADALAH MERUAP DI MANA PROGRAM DAN DATA DI
  DALAM RAM AKAN HILANG APABILA PC DITUTUP.
• PC MENGGUNAKAN RAM UNTUK MEMEGANG SEMENTARA
  ARAHAN DAN DATA UNTUK MENYIAPKAN TUGASAN. INI
  MEMBOLEHKAN CPU KOMPUTER UNTUK MENCAPAI ARAHAN
  DAN DATA YANG TERSIMPAN DI DALAM MEMORI DENGAN
  CEPAT
• RAM MENYIMPAN DATA SEMASA DAN SELEPAS BERLAKUNYA
  PROSES.
• FUNGSI ROM
• ROM TIDAK MERUAP DI MANA MAKSUDNYA IA MEMEGANG
  DATA DAN PROGRAM WALAUPUN KOMPUTER DITUTUP DAN
  DIBUKA SEMULA
• PROGRAM DI DALAM ROM ADA PRA REKOD. IA HANAYA
  BOLEH DISIMPAN OLEH PEMBINA PROGRAM. APABILA IA
  DIBUAT MAKA IA TIDAK BOLEH DIUBAH
• BANYAK FUNGSI RUMIT SEPERTI MEMBUKA ARAHAN
  OPERASI, ALAT PENUKARAN BAHASA ARAS TINGGI DAN
  SISTEM OPERASI ADALAH TERLETAK DI DALAM ROM.

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2.2.4 Storage

• 2.2.4.2 Explain types and function of -
  secondary stroge (Magnetic and optical medium AND
  Flash memory )
• SECONDARY STORAGE IS ANOTHER ALTERNATIVE STORAGE
  TO KEEP YOUR WORK AND
• DOCUMENTS. IT IS VERY USEFUL TO STORE PROGRAMS
  AND DATA FOR FUTURE USE.
• SIMPANAN KEDUA ADALAH SATU LAGI SIMPANAN
  ALTERNATIF YANG MENYIMPAN KERJA
• DAN DOKUMEN. SANGAT BERGUNA UNTUK MENYIMPAN
  PROGRAM BAGI MASA DEPAN
• 1. MAGNETIC MEDIUM / MEDIUM MAGNETIK
• IS A NON-VOLATILE STORAGE MEDIUM. IT CAN BE ANY
  TYPE OF STORAGE MEDIUM THAT
• UTILIZES MAGNETIC PATTERNS TO REPRESENT
  INFORMATION. THE DEVICES USE DISKS
• THAT ARE COATED WITH MAGNETICALLY SENSITIVE
  MATERIAL.
• THE EXAMPLES OF MAGNETIC STORAGE ARE
• MAGNETIC DISK SUCH AS
• A FLOPPY DISK, USED FOR OFF-LINE STORAGE
• HARD DISK, USED FOR SECONDARY STORAGE
• MAGNETIC TAPE INCLUDING VIDEO CASSETTE, AUDIO
  STORAGE REEL-TO- OPTICAL MEDIUM IS A NON-VOLATILE
  STORAGE MEDIA THAT HOLDS CONTENT IN DIGITAL FORM
  THAT ARE WRITTEN AND READ BY A LASER. THESE MEDIA
  INCLUDE VARIOUS TYPES OF CDS AND DVDS.
• MERUPAKAN SIMPANAN TIDAK MERUAP. IA BOLEH JADI
  PELBAGAI JENIS BERBENTUK MAGNETIK UNTUK
  MEMPERSEMBAHAKAN MAKLUMAT. PERANTI MENGGUNAKAN
  CAKERA YANG DISALUT BAHAN SENSITIF BERMAGNET
• CONTOH SIMPANAN MAGNETIK ADALAH
• CAKERA MAGNETIK SEPERTI (DISKET/CAKERA KERAAS
• TAPE MAGNETIK TERMASUKLAH VIDEO KASET DAN
  SEBAGAINYA.

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2.2.4 Storage

• 2.2.4.2 Explain types and function of -
  secondary stroge (Magnetic and optical medium AND
  Flash memory )
• 2. OPTICAL MEDIUM / MEDIUM OPTIK
• THESE FOLLOWING FORMS ARE OFTEN COMMONLY USED
• CD, CD-ROM, AND DVD READ ONLY STORAGE, USED FOR
• DISTRIBUTION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION SUCH AS
  MUSIC,
• VIDEO AND COMPUTER PROGRAMS.
• CD-R WRITE ONCE STORAGE, THE DATA CANNOT BE
  ERASED OR WRITTEN OVER ONCE IT IS SAVED.
• CD-RW, DVD-RW, AND DVD-RAM SLOW TO WRITE BUT
  FAST READING STORAGE IT ALLOWS DATA THAT HAVE
  BEEN SAVED TO BE ERASED AND REWRITTEN.
• REEL TAPE AND OTHERS.
• BEBERAPA PENDEKATAN SERING DIGUNAKAN SEPERTI
• CD SIMPANAN BACA SAHAJA DIGUNAKAN UNTUK
  MEMPERSEMBAHKAN MAKLUMAT DIGITAL SEPERTI MUZIK,
  VIDEO DAN PROGRAM KOMPUTER
• CD-R SIMPANAN TULIS SAHAJA. DATA TIDAK BOLEH
  DIPADAM ATAU DITULIS SEMULA
• CD-RW, DVD- RW DAN DVD-RAM LAMBAT DITULIS TETAPI
  CEPAT DIBACA SEMULA. IA MEMBENARKAN DATA
  DISIMPAN, DIPADAM DAN DITULIS SEMULA
• TAPE GELENDONG DAN SEBAGAINYA
• DVDDigital Versatile Disc

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2.2.4 Storage

• 2.2.4.2 Explain types and function of -
  secondary stroge (Magnetic and optical medium AND
  Flash memory )
• 3. FLASH MEMORY
• FLASH MEMORY IS A SOLID-STATE, NON-VOLATILE,
  REWRITABLE MEMORY THAT FUNCTIONS LIKE RAM AND A
  HARD DISK DRIVE COMBINED. FLASH MEMORY STORE BITS
  OF ELECTRONIC DATA IN MEMORY CELLS JUST LIKE DRAM
  (DYNAMIC RAM), BUT IT ALSO WORKS LIKE A HARD DISK
  DRIVE THAT WHEN THE POWER IS TURNED OFF, THE DATA
  REMAINS IN THE MEMORY. FLASH MEMORY CARDS AND
  FLASH MEMORY STICKS ARE EXAMPLES OF FLASH MEMORY
• MEMORI FLASH SANGAT JELAS, TIDAK MERUAP, MEMORY
  BOLH BACA,TULIS DAN TULIS SEMULA YANG BERFUNGSI
  SEPERTI RAM DAN CAKERA KERAS. MEMEORI FLASH
  MENYIMPAN BITS DARIPADA DATA ELEKTRONIL DI DALAM
  SEL MEMORI SAMA SEPERTI DRAM(DYNAMIC RAM). MALAH
  IA JUGA BEKERJA SEPERTI CAKERA KERAS DI MANA
  WALAUPUN PC DITUTUP DAN DIBUKA SEMULA, DATA KEKAL
  DALAM MEMORI. KAD MEMORI FLASH DAN KAYU MEMORI
  FLASH ADALAH CONTOH-CONTOH MEMORI FLASH.

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TOPIC 2.3 - SOFTWARE (PERISIAN)
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2.3.1 OPERATING SYSTEM

• 2.3.1.1 State the various types of OS used on
  different platforms.
• OPERATING SYSTEM
• OS on different platform
• Linux is a freely distributed UNIX, it is a
  compatible operating system for PCs and a number
  of other processors.
• Mac OS X is a multitasking operating system that
  is the latest version of the Macintosh operating
  system.
• UNIX is an operating system, or family of
  operating systems, developed at Bell Laboratories
  in early 1970sas a replacement for an earlier
  system called Multics.
• Windows XP is the latest version of the Windows
  operating system, which is Microsofts fastest,
  most reliable Windows operating system.
• SISTEM PENGOPERSIAN
• SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN DALAM PELBAGAI PLATFOM
• LINUX SISTEM PENGOPERSIAN PERCMA BERASAL DARI
  UNIX, IA SISTEM PENGOPERSIAN YANG SESUAI BAGI PC
  DAN BEBERAPA PEMPROSESAN
• MAC OS X MERUPAKAN SISTEM PENGOPERSIAN PELBAGAI
  TUGASAN YANG MERUPAKAN VERSI TERKINI DARIPADA
  SISTEM PENGOPERSIAN MACHINTOSH
• UNIX ADALAH SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN UTAMA(BESAR),
  DIKELUIARKAN OLEH MAKMAL BELL DI AWAL 70AN DAN
  DIGANTIKAN DARIPADA SISEM AWALNYA YANG DIKENALI
  SEBAGAI MULTICS
• WINDOWS VISTA MERUPAKAN VERSI TERKINI DARIPADA
  SISTEM OPERASI WINDOWS. SISTEM PENGOPERSIAN
  WINDOW SEBELUMNYA IAITU WINDOW XP MASIH KEKAL
  SEBAGAI SISTEM PENGOPERSIAN YANG PALING SESUAI
  DAN PALING BANYAK DIGUNAKAN OLEH PENGGUNA PC
  SELURUH DUNIA.

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2.3.1 OPERATING SYSTEM

• 2.3.1.2 State the functions of OS.
• THE FUNCTIONS OF THE OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE
• STARTING A COMPUTER
• MEMBUKA KOMPUTER
• PROVIDING A USER INTERFACE
• MERANGKUMI ANTARAMUKA PENGGUNA
• MANAGING DATA AND PROGRAMS
• MENGURUS PROGRAM DAN DATA
• MANAGING MEMORY
• MENGURUS MEMORI
• CONFIGURING DEVICES
• MENGKONFIGURASI PERANTI

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2.3.1 OPERATING SYSTEM

• 2.3.1.3 State the different interfaces of OS.
• 1. COMMAND-LINE USER INTERFACE / BARIS ARAHAN
  ANTARAMUKA PENGGUNA
• REQUIRES A USER TO TYPE COMMANDS OR PRESS SPECIAL
  KEYS ON THE KEYBOARD TO ENTER DATA AND
  INSTRUCTIONS THAT INSTRUCT THE OPERATING SYSTEM
  WHAT TO DO. IT HAS TO BE TYPED ONE LINE AT A
  TIME.
• MEMERLUKAN PENGGUNA MENAIP ARAHAN DAN MENEKAN
  KEKUNCI KHAS PADA PAPAN KEKUNCI UNTUK MEMASUKKAN
  DATA DAN ARAHAN YANG MENGARAHKAN OS APA YUANG
  HENDAK DILAKUKAN. IA HARUS DITAIP SATU BARIS PADA
  SATU MASA.
• IS DIFFICULT TO USE BECAUSE IT REQUIRES EXACT
  SPELLING, SYNTAX OR A SET OF RULES OF ENTERING
  COMMANDS AND PUNCTUATION.
• SUKAR KERANA MEMERLUKAN EJAAN TEPAT, SINTAKS ATAU
  SET ARAHAN UNDANG-UNDANG UNTUK MELETAKKAN ARAHAN
  DAN MESTI TEPAT
• REQUIRES MEMORISATION. IT IS ALSO EASY TO MAKE A
  TYPING MISTAKE. THE ADVANTAGE OF COMMAND-LINE
  INTERFACE IS, IT HELPS THE USER TO OPERATE THE
  COMPUTER QUICKLY AFTER MEMORIZING THE KEYWORDS
  AND SYNTAX.
• MEMERLUKAN INGATAN. AMAT MUDAH BERLAKUNYA
  KESILAPAN MENAIP. NAMUN BEGITU KELEBIHANNYA
  ADALAH IA MEMBANTU PENGGUNA BERINTERAKSI DENGAN
  KOMPUTER DENGAN CEPAT SETELAH INGATAN TERHADAP
  KATAKUNCI DAN SINTAKS TELAH DIBUAT.

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2.3.1 OPERATING SYSTEM

• 2.3.1.3 State the different interfaces of OS
• 2. MENU DRIVEN INTERFACE / ANTARAMUKA BERPANDUKAN
  MENU
• ENABLES THE USER TO AVOID MEMORIZING KEYWORDS
  SUCH AS COPY, PASTE AND SYNTAX. ON-SCREEN,
  MENU-DRIVEN INTERFACE PROVIDE MENUS AS MEANS OF
  ENTERING COMMANDS. IT SHOWS ALL THE OPTIONS
  AVAILABLE AT A GIVEN POINT IN A FORM OF
  TEXT-BASED MENU. MENU-DRIVEN USER INTERFACES ARE
  EASY TO LEARN.
• MEMBOLEHKAN PENGGUNA MENGELAK DARIPADA MELETAKKAN
  INGATAN PADA KATAKUNCI SEPERTI MENYALIN DAN
  TAMPAL SERTA SINTAKS. IA MENGANDUNGI MENU IAIUTU
  MELETAKKAN ARAHAN YANG DIKEHENDAKI. IA MEMAPARKAN
  SEMUA PILIHAN YANG ADA YANG DIBERI DALAM BENTUK
  TEKS. ANATARAMUKA BERPANDUKAN MENU INI ADALAH
  SANGAT MUDAH DIPELAJARI

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2.3.1 OPERATING SYSTEM

• 2.3.1.3 State the different interfaces of OS
• GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) /ANTARAMUKA
  PENGGUNA BERGRAFIK
• MAKES USE OF THE COMPUTERS GRAPHICS CAPABILITIES
  TO MAKE THE OPERATING SYSTEM AND PROGRAMS EASIER
  TO USE, WHICH IS ALSO CALLED USER-FRIENDLY. ON
  TODAYS PCS AND MACINTOSHES, GUIS ARE USED TO
  CREATE THE DESKTOP THAT APPEARS AFTER THE
  OPERATING SYSTEM FINISHES LOADING INTO MEMORY.
• WE CAN EASILY DIFFERENTIATE THE INTERFACES
  BETWEEN MAC OS, WINDOWS XP OR LINUX BY LOOKING AT
  THEIR DESKTOPS. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE INTERACT
  WITH MENUS AND VISUAL IMAGES SUCH AS BUTTONS,
  ICONS AND OTHER GRAPHICAL OBJECTS TO ISSUE
  COMMANDS.
• ON THE DESKTOP, WE CAN INITIATE MANY ACTIONS BY
  CLICKING ICONS THAT REPRESENT COMPUTER RESOURCES
  SUCH AS FILES, PROGRAMS AND NETWORK CONNECTIONS.
  GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE IS COMMONLY USED AND HAS
  BECOME A STANDARD.
• MEMBOLEHKAN GRAFIK KOMPUTER BERFUNGSI MENJADIKAN
  OS DAN PROGRAM LEBIH MUDAH DIGUNAKAN. IA DIGELAR
  MESRA PENGGUNA. PC ZAMAN INI MENGGUNAKAN GUI
  UNTUK PAPARAN DESKTOP MEREKA
• MUDAH UNTUK MEMBEZAKAN JENIS ANTARAMUKA ANTARA
  PELBAGAI JENIS OS KERANA DENGAN HANYA MEIHAT
  PAPARAN DESKTOP MEREKA
• PADA DESKTOP, PENGGUNA BOLEH MELIHAT / MENGGUNA
  DENGAN KLIK IKON YANG ADA DAN PELBAGAI TUGASAN
  AKAN DAPAT DIBUAT.

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2.3.2 Application Software

• 2.3.2.1 State the types of application software
  (word processing,spreadsheet, presentation,
  graphic).
• WORD PROCESSING
• WORD PROCESSING AN OFFICE APPLICATION THAT
  ENABLES USER TO
• CREATE, EDIT, FORMAT AND PRINT TEXTUAL DOCUMENT.
• SPREADSHEET
• A PROGRAM THAT PROCESSES INFORMATION IN THE FORM
  OF TABLES. TABLES CELLS
• CAN HOLD VALUES OR MATHEMATICAL FORMULA.
• PRESENTATION
• AN APPLICATION SOFTWARE THAT ALLOWS A USER TO
  CREATE VISUAL AID FOR
• PRESENTATION TO COMMUNICATE IDEAS, MESSAGES AND
  OTHER INFORMATION TO A
• GROUP.
• GRAPHICS EDITING
• PROGRAM THAT CAN EDIT DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OR
  NON-TEXT INFORMATION SUCH
• AS DRAWING, CHARTS AND PHOTOGRAPH.
• PEMPROSESAN KATA
• ADALAH APLIKASI PEJABAT YANG MEMBENARKAN PENGGUNA
  MEREKA, MENGUBAH,
• MEMFORMAT DAN MENCETAK DOKUMEN
• LEMBARAN
• PROGRAM YANG MEMPROSES MAKLUMAT DALAM BENTUK
  TABLE. SEL TABLE INI AKAN

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2.3.2 Application Software

• 2.3.2.2 Describe the uses of application software
  (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation,
  graphic).
• WORD PROCESSING- ALLOWS USERS TO CREATE AND
  MANIPULATE DOCUMENTS CONTAINING MOSTLY TEXT AND
  SOMETIMES GRAPHICS
• -PROVIDES THE ABILITY TO CREATE, CHECK SPELLING,
  EDIT AND FORMAT A DOCUMENT ON THE SCREEN
  BEFORE PRINTING IT TO PAPER.
• - PRODUCE DOCUMENTS SUCH AS LETTERS, MEMOS,
  REPORTS, FAX COVER SHEETS, MAILING LABELS,
  NEWSLETTERS, AND WEB PAGES
• SPREADSHEET- ALLOWS USERS TO ORGANISE AND
  MANIPULATE DATA IN ROWS AND COLUMNS.- PRODUCES
  WORKSHEETS THAT REQUIRE REPETITIVE CALCULATIONS
  BUDGETING, MAINTAINING A GRADE BOOK,
  BALANCING ACCOUNTS, TRACKING INVESTMENT,
  CALCULATING LOAN PAYMENTS, ESTIMATING PROJECT
  COSTS AND PREPARING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.PRESENT
  ATION- ALLOWS USERS TO CREATE VISUAL AIDS FOR
  PRESENTATIONS TO COMMUNICATE IDEAS, MESSAGES
  AND OTHER INFORMATION TO AN AUDIENCE
• GRAPHIC EDITING- ALLOWS USERS TO WORK WITH
  DRAWINGS, PHOTOS AND PICTURES. IT PROVIDES THE
  USERS THE ABILITY OF CREATING, MANIPULATING
  AND PRINTING GRAPHICS

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2.3.2 Application Software

• 2.3.2.2 Describe the uses of application software
  (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation,
  graphic).
• PEMPROSESAN KATA
• - MEMBENARKAN PENGGUNA MEREKA DAN MEMANIPULASI
  DOKUMEN YANG
• BERBENTUK TEKS DAN KADANGKALA BERGRAFIK
• -MENGANDUNGI KEBOLEHAN UNTUK MEREKA, MENYEMAK
  EJAAN, MENGEDIT DAN
• MEMFORMAT DOKUMEN PADA SKRIN SEBELUM
  MENCETAKNYA.
• -MEMBUAT DOKUMEN-DOKUMEN YANG BERBENTUK SURAT,
  MEMO, LAPORAN,
• LAMPIRAN MUKA DEPAN FAKS, LABEL, SURAT KHABAR
  DAN MUKA LAMAN WEB.
• LEMBARAN
• - MEMBENARKAN PENGGUNA MENGORGANISASI DAN
  MEMANIPULASI DATA
• DALAM BENTUK BARIS DAN LAJUR.
• - MEMBUAT LEMBARAN YANG MENGANDUNGI PENGIRAAN
  SEPERTI BAGET, GRED,
• PENGIRAAN PELABURAN, GAJI PEKERJA, BAGET
  PROJEK, KEWANGAN DAN SEBAGAINYA.
• PERSEMBAHAN
• - MEMBENARKAN PENGGUNA MEREKA PAPARAN VISUAL
  UNTUK PERSEMBAHAN
• BAGI BERKOMUNIKASI, MENYAMPAIAN MESEJ DENGAN
  AUDIEN YANG RAMAI.

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2.3.3 Utility Program

• 2.3.3.1 Differentiate between the types and
  usage of utility
• programmes (file management, diagnostic, and file
  compression)
• FILE MANAGEMENT
• - USED TO MANAGE FILES ON A DISK. IT PROVIDES
  FUNCTIONS TO DELETE, COPY. MOVE, RENAME AND VIEW
  FILES AS WELL AS CREATE AND MANAGE FOLDERS
  (DIRECTORIES).
• - PERFORMS TASKS OF FORMATTING AND COPYING DISKS,
  DISPLAYING A LIST OF FILES ON A STORAGE MEDIUM,
  CHECKING THE AMOUNT OF USED OR FREE SPACE ON A
  STORAGE MEDIUM, ORGANISING, COPYING, RENAMING,
  DELETING, MOVING AND SORTING FILES AND ALSO
  CREATING SHORTCUTS.
• DIAGNOSTIC UTILITY
• COMPILES TECHNICAL INFORMATION ABOUT A COMPUTER'S
  HARDWARE AND CERTAIN SYSTEM SOFTWARE PROGRAMS AND
  THEN PREPARES A REPORT OUTLINING ANY IDENTIFIED
  PROBLEMS.INFORMATION IN THE REPORT ASSISTS
  TECHNICAL SUPPORT STAFF IN REMEDYING ANY
  PROBLEMS.
• FILE COMPRESSION
• -THAT REMOVES REDUNDANT ELEMENTS, GAPS AND
  UNNECESSARY DATA FROM A COMPUTERS STORAGE
  SPACE SO THAT LESS SPACE IS REQUIRED TO STORE OR
  TRANSMIT DATA.
• - REDUCE THE TIME REQUIRED TO TRANSMIT SUCH LARGE
  FILES OVER A NETWORK.
• - COMPRESSED FILES ARE SOMETIMES CALLED ZIPPED
  FILES BECAUSE THEY USUALLY HAVE A .ZIP EXTENSION.
  
• - A COMPRESSED FILE MUST BE UNZIPPED OR RESTORED
  TO ITS ORIGINAL FORM BEFORE BEING USED. TWO
  POPULAR FILE COMPRESSION UTILITIES ARE PKZIP AND
  WINZIP

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2.3.3 Utility Program

• 2.3.3.1 Differentiate between the types and
  usage of utility
• programmes (file management, diagnostic, and file
  compression)
• PENGURUSAN FAIL
• - DIGUNAKAN UNTUK MENGURUS FAIL PADA
  CAKERA.IA MEMBEKALKAN FUNGSI UNTUK MEMADAM,
  MENYALIN, MEMINDAH, MENAMAKAN SEMULA DAN
  MEMAPARKAN FAIL SEPERTI MEREKA DAN MENGURUS
  FOLDER (DIREKTORI)
• MELAKSANAKAN TUGAS SEPERTI MEMFORMAT DAN MENYALIN
  CAKERA. MEMAPARKAN SENARAI FAIL DALAM MEDIUM
  STORAN, MENYEMAK AMAUN STORAN YANG DIGUNAKAN,
  MENGORGANISASI, MENYALIN, MENAMAKAN SEMULA FAIL,
  MEMADAM, MEMINDAH DAN MENYENARAI PENDEK FAIL DAN
  JUGA MEREKA JALAN PINTAS.
• UTILITI DIAGNOSTIK
• MENGUMPUL MAKLUMAT TEKNIKAL SEPERTI PERKAKASAN PC
  DAN PROGRAM SISTEM PERISIAN DAN KEMUDIAN
  MENYEDIAKAN LAPORAN LUARAN UNTUK MENGENALPASTI
  APA JUA MASALAH YANG TIMBUL. MAKLUMAT YANG ADA
  KEMUDIAN AKAN DIURUSKAN OLEH STAFF TEKNIKAL BAGI
  PEMBAIKULIH.
• PENGECILAN FAIL
• - TUGAS BAGI MENGELUARKAN ELEMEN, HALANGAN
  DAN DATA YANG TIDAK PERLU DARIPADA STORAN PC.
  DENGAN INI DAPAT MENJIMATKAN RUANG DALAM STORAN.
• - MENGECILKAN MASA BAGI MENNCARI DATA YANG
  BESAR DALAM RANGKAIAN.
• - MENGECILKAN FAIL DAN KADANGKALA IA DIGELAR
  FAIL ZIP SEBAB BIASANYA IA TELAH MEMPUNYAI
  SAMBUNGAN ZIP.
• - 3 FAIL POPULAR BAGI MENGECILKAN FAIL
  ADALAH PKZIP,WINZIP DAN WINRAR.

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2.3.4 Proprietary and Open Source Software

• 2.3.4.1 Differentiate between proprietary
  (PERISIAN TERTUTUP)and open source software
  (PERISIAN SUMBER TERBUKA)

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2.3.4 Proprietary and Open Source Software

• 2.3.4.1 Differentiate between proprietary
  (PERISIAN TERTUTUP) and open source software
  (PERISIAN SUMBER TERBUKA)

WINDOW XP (PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE) LINUX (OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE) MAC OS X (PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE)
KELEBIHAN - PELBAGAI JENIS PERKAKASAN BOLEH MENGGUNAKANNYA ADA PASARAN BESAR TELAH ADA UTILITI YANG TERBINA DI DALAMNYA KELEBIHAN PELBAGAI JENIS PERKAKASAN BOLEH MENGGUNAKANNYA RAMAI PENGGUNA KERANA ANTARAMUKA PUNGGUNANYA BOLEH MENJADI PC SERVER KELEBIHAN MUDAH DI INSTALL ANTARAMUKA TERBAIK(GUI) SELAMAT DAN STABIL
KEKURANGAN MASALAH KESELAMATAN TIDAK STABIL SBG SERVER APABILA KONFIGURASI DIUBAH IA PERLU DI RESTART KEKURANGAN -TIDAK MENYOKONG BANYAK JENIS PERMAINAN DAN APLIKASI - SUKAR DIPELAJARI KEKURANGAN -HANYA MENYOKONG PC APPLE KURANG UTILITI DAN PERMAINAN BERBANDING WINDOWS. -BANYAK APLIKASI YNG PERLU DI UPDATE BAGI MENJALANKANNYA.
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Topic 2.4 Installation
34
2.4.1 Personal Computer (PC) Assembling

• 2.4.1.1.Assemble the components of a PC.(Step)
• FIXING THE PROCESSOR
• INSTALLING THE RAM
• INSTALLING THE POWER SUPPLY
• INSTALLING THE OPTICAL DRIVE (DVD OR CD)
• ATTACHING THE VIDEO CARD CONNECTING THE CABLES
• INSTALLING THE FLOPPY DRIVE
• INSTALLING THE HARD DISK
• CONNECTING OTHER PERIPHERALS
• POWERING THE SYSTEM
• MEMASANG UNIT PEMPROSESAN PUSAT
• MEMASANG RAM
• MEMASANG BEKALAN KUASA
• MEMASANG PEMACU OPTIKAL (CD ATAU DVD)
• MEMASANG KAD VIDEO DAN KABELNYA
• MEMASANG PEMACU FLOPPY
• MEMASANG CAKERA KERAS
• MENGHUBUNGKAN LAIN2 SAMBUNGAN

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2.4.1 Personal Computer (PC) Assembling

• 2.4.1.2 LIST COMPONENT FOR ASSEMBLING A PC
• CASING
• PROCESSOR
• MOTHERBOARD
• MEMORY (RAM)
• HARD DISK
• OPTICAL DRIVE
• FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
• MOUSE
• VIDEO CARD
• MONITOR
• SOUND CARD
• CABLES
• SPEAKER
• SCREWDRIVER

36
(ASSESSMENT S03.1)
37
2.4.2 Hard Disk Partitioning and Formatting

• 2.4.2.1 Format and partition the hard disk.
• Why partitioning the hard disk
• Limits Accidental Or Deliberate Damage Of Your
  Data
• Increases Security
• Making The Computer Faster
• Organises Information
• Increases Productivity
• Creating a partition on hard disk
• Step by step partitions the hard disk
• Formatting hard disk
• Step by step formatting the hard disk

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2.4.3 Software Installation

• 2.4.3.1 Install operating system, application
  software and utility programs
• INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM
• INSTALL WINDOWS
• INSTALLING AN APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• INSTALLING MS OFFICE
• INSTALLING A UTILITY PROGRAM
• AVG ANTIVIRUS
• SYBOT DOCTOR (ANTI SPYWARE)

39
(ASSESSMENT S04.1)
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2.5 CURRENT AND FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES

• 2.5.1 LATEST OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
• (ASSESSMENT S05.1)