Chapter 6 Science, Sexism, and Theology: 1918-1930

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Chapter 6Science, Sexism, and Theology 1918-1930

• Presenters
• Jennie Stuhrenberg
• Rui Kang

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Categories of Questions

• Intelligence Testing/ Ability Grouping (5)
• Alicia, Cindy, Dawoon, Jennie, Jisook
• Historical Figures/Events (4)
• Junhui (W.W.1), Samantha (Bobbitt), Tamara
  (Walter Pierce), Tsueifen (Thomas Jesse Jones)
• Womens Education/Status/Sexism (2)
• Anissa, Homayra

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Categories of Questions Cont.

• Curriculum(5)
• Fuhui (Business Ed.), Grace (Vocational Ed), Hee
  Kyoung (ESL), K. J. (Civic Ed.), Michael (Home
  Econ.)
• Progressive Education/Project Method (3)
• Mike, Moira, Rui
• Others (2)
• Corrine (homeroom), Linda (home visit)

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Intelligence Tests/Ability Grouping

• Jisook Kim Q It was interesting to see trying to
  separate children according to ability levels
  through mental tests (p. 164). What kind of test
  was developed at that time?
• A WW I military intelligence test
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
• Each correct answer gives a credit of two
  months mental age.

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• Jennie Stuhrenberg Q What were some of the
  arguments in America for and against intelligence
  testing in the early twentieth century?
• A Walter Lippmann, an influential political
  commentator and journalist In 1922 he addressed
  the conditions of IQ testing, the possible biases
  of army intelligence tests, and the larger social
  problems raised by such classifications.

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• Opinion in Favor According to Terman, Americans
  clearly exhibited a range of different
  intellectual endowments and the new science of
  psychology made it possible to measure and
  classify those differences.

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• Cindy Warren Q It seems that teachers today must
  teach so that their students score well on
  standardized tests.  During this time period, did
  teachers feel this way?
• A Based on what I read, teachers did not receive
  the same pressure to teach to the test as they
  do today .

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• Dawoon Yoo Q What is the Chautauqua movement
  (p.172)? What is your opinion for separating
  children according to their ability levels?
• A The chautauqua movement grew out of summer
  Sunday school institutes held by the Methodist
  Episcopal church during the 1870s. At a camp
  meeting in 1873, Bishop John H. Vincent proposed
  that secular as well as religious education be
  offered at these institutes. The next summer, the
  Chautauqua Assembly was established at Lake
  Chautauqua, New York, offering adult education in
  both science and the humanities. Movement lasted
  until _at_1924

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• Alicia Kerr Q I enjoyed the authors discussion
  on ability grouping (p. 164-165), although it is
  quite brief.  Can you find more information on
  ability grouping and opinions of it during the
  early 1900s?
• A A selling point for gifted education and the
  ability grouping model since it was introduced in
  the early 1900's is that ability grouping is more
  cost-effective than the traditional mixed-ability
  classroom in supplying brain-power to colleges. 

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Womens Status and Role Education

• Anissa Myers Q At this point in time America was
  coming of age but still built basically of the
  standards of the countries the settlers
  immigrated from. What was the status of women
  overseas at this time?  Did the evolution of
  education parallel that of other countries or
  where we on the cutting edge so to speak in
  gaining status?

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• A In America By the end of the 19th century,
  however, the number of women students had
  increased greatly. Higher education particularly
  was broadened by the rise of women's colleges and
  the admission of women to regular colleges and
  universities. In 1870 an estimated one fifth of
  resident college and university students were
  women. By 1900 the proportion had increased to
  more than one third. Women obtained 19 percent of
  all undergraduate college degrees around the
  beginning of the 20th century.

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• Homayra Moghadasian Q Page 157 states that
  Goodsell believed that because women play an
  essential role radiating joy among family and
  friends, their education should equip them
  appropriately. I thought it does not mean
  different education but maybe some extra
  education for girls to prepare them for this
  role. What do you think about this statement?
• A Class Thoughts?

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Historical Events and People

• Junhui Liu Q During this period, Europe was in
  World War I. I wonder if this war had any
  influence on the education then.
• A I do not find any information about European
  education and how it was affected by WWI. Anyone
  have knowledge they would like to share on this
  subject?

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• Tamara Carter Q On page 173, we were told that
  the Masons and Ku Klux Klan prevailed in Oregon
  to elect Walter Pierce as governor. I typically
  think of those groups as having different goals.
  Can you clarify what their similar interest would
  have been?
• A   Mizia's article provides insight to the
  history and political climate of Oregon at that
  time. He points out that the Scottish Rite Masons
  promoted the bill in the state legislature out of
  their belief that "all children should be
  recipients of the same public school education so
  as not to promote a divided citizenry in their
  thinking, Catholic and other private schools
  militated against this outcome." The measure was
  supported by an active Ku Klux Klan and by Walter
  M. Pierce, who was running for the office of
  governor at that time. Pierce's support of the
  Oregon School Law guaranteed him political
  support from the Klan, and he won the election
  for governor.

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• Tsueifen Chen Q Watras spent a lot of time
  describing Thomas Jesse Jones and his personal
  biases under the section of "What was the source
  of the biases in the social studies?" Was he
  implying that Jones was the representative figure
  who held social bias at that time?
• A I found a reference to some works about him.
  Below is one
• Book Education for Life Phelps Stokes and
  Thomas Jesse Jones 1913-1937, A Twenty-Fifth
  Anniversary

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• Samantha McPhail Q What are the other six
  classes of everyday life that Bobbitt and his
  graduate students listed in their study in Los
  Angeles? (page 149, 2nd paragraph)
• A I did not find the answer to this question,
  but you can read
• http//www.infed.org/biblio/b-curric.htm

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Resources

• http//historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5293
• http//www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/other/i
  q.html
• http//www.riverpub.com/products/clinical/sbis/hom
  e.html
• http//www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5172
• http//www.historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4960

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Resources Continued

• http//college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/h
  tml/ah_015600_chautauquamo.htm
• http//educationright.tripod.com/id39.htm
• http//www.wic.org/misc/history.htm
• http//www.eou.edu/academic/documents/reports/pier
  ce.htm
• http//www.archdpdx.org/news2000/newsmay2000/orego
  n20school20law.htm

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Resources Continued

• http//www.nathanielturner.com/ansonphelpsstokes.h
  tm

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The Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
(1918)

• Health
• Health instruction, physical activities, good
  equipment and safe building
• Command of Fundamental Process
• Writing, reading, oral and written expression,
  and math
• Worth Home Membership
• Literature, music, social studies, art
• Vocation
• Career education

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The Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
(1918)

• Civic Education
• Awareness of community, democratic organization
  of school and group problem solving
• Worth Use of Leisure
• Music, art, literature, drama, social issues, and
  science
• Ethical Character
• Personal responsibility and initative

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Progressive Education

• Mike Progressive Education Association (PEA) has
  any lasting effects? Still exist?
• Moira Progressive Education was successful?
• Rui Influential Educators and Philosophers?
  Related teaching approaches?

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Progressive Education

• Founded in 1919
• Most recognized leader John Dewey
• Other influential leader
• Jane Addams believed in self-expression,
  learning to play, active engagement.
• Ella Flagg Young Superintendent of the Chicago
  Board of Education, President of the NEA (1910),
• At a NEA convention, she contended that people
  who were not sending their children to public
  schools should not be allowed to serve on the
  board of education.
• Margaret Naumburg inventor of art therapy

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Progressive Education

• Harold Rugg
• Author of Man and his changing world
• The most widely used social studies textbook in
  the United States
• Attacked by business world including American
  Legion, Advertising Federation of America, New
  York State Economic Council, National Association
  of Manufacturers(NAM)
• Promote liberalism, Keynesianism, but not Maxism,
  considered progressive educational
• Ruggs book was later banned, and in some
  communities, the banning was celebrated with
  public burnings.

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Progressive Education

• Francis W. Parker
• Developed Qunicy Plan, open progressive education
  schools
• Students were subjected to state exams, and the
  result showed hat Quincy pupils surpassed the
  scores of other school children in Masschusetts.
• Deweys laboratory school in Chicago also had
  evidence of superior performance

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Progressive Education

• Francis W. Parker
• They should graduate as good citizens, not only
  with vast knowledge, but also with heart and
  soul.
• School motto Everything to help and nothing to
  hinder
• A major research endeavor, the eight year
  study, demonstrated that students from
  progressive high schools were capable, adaptable
  learners and excelled even in the finest
  universities.

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Progressive Education

• 1890-1930 flourishing period
• late 1930s, criticized by conservatives
  advocating basic skills, more discipline,
  curriculum theorizing
• corrupting the minds of youth
• 1940s and 1950s-cold war
• increases juvenile delinquency
• The commies are after your kids Hard to
  believe!

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Progressive Education

• Regain popularity in 1960s shortly in the forms
  of more radicalized versions free school
  movement, nongraded school, deschooling
  proposals, emancipatory education programs
• Todays practice with philosophical roots in
  progressive education include open classroom,
  cooperative learning, multiage approach, whole
  language, experiential education, alternative
  schools
• Research in progressive education connection
  with postmodernism

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Progressive Education

• References/Resources
• http//www.uvm.edu/dewey/articles/proged.html
• http//fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/daniel_schugurensky/
  assignment1/1919pea.html
• http//fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/daniel_schugurensky/
  assignment1/1901parker.html
• http//fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/daniel_schugurensky/
  assignment1/1938rugg.html
• http//fcis.oise.utoronto.caschugurensky/assignme
  nt1/1909ella.html
• Journal of Progressive Education

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Vocational Education in Agriculture

• Grace would like to know how students learn
  these vocational field subjects. Information
  either around 1890 or in the beginning of the
  1900s.

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Vocational Education in Agriculture

• Typical agricultural vocational curriculum in
  1890s high school
• Agronomy
• Zootechny
• Dairying
• Rural Engineering
• Rural Economy
• In 1890s
• Students in Massachusetts and Indiana can choose
  agricultural course of study versus other tracks
  such as classical course of study, modern
  language, manual training

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Vocational Education in Agriculture

• In some states, agricultural offered only in 9th
  and 10th grades due to high dropout rates before
  11th grade.
• In the 1890s and early 1900s, secondary
  agriculture was taught primarily by science and
  chemistry teachers using the scientific and
  experimental methods of teaching.

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Vocational Education in Agriculture

• Smith-Hughes Act establishment of the Federal
  Board for Vocational Education
• Two major changes in curriculum
• Occupational Analysis
• Cross section approach to the curriculum

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Agricultural Vocational Education in Texas

• Prairie View Normal School for Negroes
• Texas Industrial Institute and College (San
  Antonio)
• John T. Ellen School in Austin
• Supported by National Association of
  Manufacturers
• The Cardinal Principles in 1918 endorsed
  vocational education, a differentiated
  curriculum, and a comprehensive high school
  rather than a separate trade school

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Agricultural Vocational Education in Texas

• The Smith-Hughes Act (1917) and George-Deen Act
  (1936) provided funds
• A concern raised by The Governors Conference on
  Technical Vocational Education in 1973 75
  percent of secondary students were being prepared
  for college entrance, while labor force required
  only 20 percent with bachelor or higher degrees.

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Vocational Education

• Resources
• http//pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol27/27-03-08.
  pdf.
• http//www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articl
  es/view/VV/kdves.html

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Bilingual Education

• Heekyoung would like to know how to teach
  immigrant students with different language
  background at schools in 1918-1930. Should all
  instruction be in English?

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Bilingual Education

• Benjamin Rush eager to promote a common tongue,
  but felt the goal could better be achieved by
  voluntary than dictatorial means
• Until 1830s, no uniform language policy.
  Bilingual education was likely to be accepted in
  areas where language minority groups had
  influence and to be rejected where they had none.
• Joe Perlmann The debates did not focus on
  whether kids would learn math better in German or
  in English, or whether they are emotionally
  better off learning German skills first. The
  central issues, the ones that were always raised,
  had to do with being a good American and creating
  a good America.

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Bilingual Education

• William Torrey Harris (St. Louis school
  superintendent in the 1870s and later U.S.
  commissioner of Education) believed that the
  schools must Americanize language minority
  children. At the same time, he preached cultural
  tolerance
• in the year 1900, 600,000 (4) elementary school
  children receive instruction partly or
  exclusively in German.

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Bilingual Education

• Henry Ford made attendance at after-hour English
  classes mandatory for their foreign-born workers
• After the Spanish-American War, the U.S.
  government imposed English as the medium of
  instruction in Puerto Rico
• Theodore Roosevelt We have room for but one
  language in this country
• After World War I, anti-German feeling, banning
  German in some states
• After 1924 by late 1930s, bilingual education is
  less of an issue due to the strictest immigration
  quotas

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Bilingual Education

• 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo implied language
  rights to Mexicans
• 1855, California legislature mandated
  English-only instruction
• The contrast between New Mexico and Texas
• Beginning in 1919, Texas legislature made it a
  criminal offense to teach in any other language
• Spanish detention

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Bilingual Education

• Resources
• http//ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/JWCRAWFOR
  D/BECh1.htm
• http//www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/article
  s/view/BB/khb2.html

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Business Education

• Fuhui What is the reason that most businesses
  began to divide their tasks into mens and
  womens spheres around 1920 (such as clerical
  work), however, the educational requirement of
  male and female students in business schools
  remained same and even some classes are dominated
  by women students?

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Business Education

• I guess that it might arouse political
  controversies if the school system had stated
  explicitly the different requirements for boys
  and girls. Anyway, it did not seem to be
  necessary since the society had already shaped
  some trends there, and most boys and girls seemed
  to have internalized the societys beliefs too.
  The classes dominated by women were usually home
  economics and various clerical training.

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Two More Questions

• Corrine interested in efficiency movement
• Linda interested in home visit by teachers

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Taylorism and School Administration

• Frederick W. Taylor was an efficiency expert
• Scientific management
• Taylors major influence on American schools is
  standardized testing
• Other aspects of influence include
• How to make better use of buildings and classroom
  space
• Treat students like workers
• Require teachers to document their teaching
  activities in order to minimize waste

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Taylorism and School Administration

• I guess that teachers paid regular visits to
  students homes (not necessarily every students
  home every time) was just part of the routine
  that they should document. The then school
  administrators believed that this procedure would
  enhance efficiency and students discipline.

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Taylorism and School Administration

• Resource
• http//radicalpedagogy.icaap.org/content/issu3_2/r
  ees.html

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Home Economics

• Michael would like to know the connection
  between home economics instruction and commercial
  culture through such devices as the department
  store and the Sears/Roebuck catalog.

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Home Economics

• New scholarship in American womens history
  suggests that home economics was a progressive
  field that brought science to the farm home and
  women into higher education and leadership
  positions in higher education and leadership
  positions in public education, academia,
  government, and industry.

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Home Economics

• At the turn of the 20th century, home economy was
  linked to the revitalizatioin of agriculture and
  rural communities
• By the 1920s home economists at Cornell was best
  known for research in human nutrition, child
  development
• Other fields include fiber science, design and
  consumer economics, and this made home economics
  central to the growth of the consumer economy as
  well.

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Home Economics

• Resources
• http//rmc.library.cornell.edu/homeEc/masterlabel.
  html
• http//rmc.library.cornell.edu/homeEc/default.html
  
• http//rmc.library.cornell.edu/homeEc/interview.ht
  ml
• www.sears.com

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