More milk from healthy cows

1
More milk from healthy cows ???????????
2
Feeding for Metabolic Efficiency ???? Session 5
(Chapter 6) ??? Bruce Hamilton Russell Bush
3
What diseases of dairy cows are associated with
nutrition????????????

• Susceptibility to disease increases with
  pregnancy and lactation ???????,????????????
• Demand for production exceeds the animals
  metabolic capacity ??????????????????
• Metabolic disease ???????
• associated with
• poor nutrition ????
• dietary change
• ????

4
Common diseases of dairy cows associated with
nutrition????????????

• Milk Fever (Hypocalcaemia) ???(????)
• Displaced abomasum ????
• Ketosis ??
• Retained Foetal
• Membranes?????
• Lameness ?
• Mastitis ???

5
EXPECTED INCIDENCES????

• Condition 1995
  2001
• Mastitis ??? 13.4
  14.7
• Lameness ? 10.5
  11.6
• Retained Membranes 7.8 7.8
• ?????
• Milk Fever???? 5.9 5.2
• Displaced Abomasum 2.8 3.5
• ????
• USA National Animal Health Monitoring System 1996
  2001
• ????????????1996?2001

6
MILK FEVER (Hypocalcaemia)????

• Occurs at or near calving, usually the day of
  calving
• ??????????,????????
• Calcium leaves the blood to support milk
  production at a faster rate than it can be
  replaced from bone stores or from the ration
• ??????????????????????????????

7
A calving cow affected by milk fever ?????????????
??
8
MILK FEVER RISK FACTORS?????????

• Rarely occurs with 1st lactation cows
• ?????????
• Increased incidence with age and production
  potential ???????????
• Diets high in potassium and sodium
• ????????
• Diets low in sulphur and chlorine
• ???????
• Rapid introduction of some grains
• ??????
• Long term feeding of diets low in calcium
• ????????

9
MILK FEVER CLINICAL SIGNS????????

• At onset standing, agitated and muscle tremor in
  head and legs ??????,????,?????????
• Stagger and slip when walking????????
• Most cows noticed when sitting with head turned
  to the flank????????
• Depressed, cool extremities, constipated
• ????,????,??
• As condition progresses will lie on side
• ?????????
• Cow may die if not treated
• ????????????

10
MILK FEVER TREATMENT???????

• Increase blood calcium by injection of calcium
  compounds
• ???????????

11
MILK FEVER PREVENTION???????

• Correct formulation of transition ration
• ?????????
• Analyse potassium, sodium, sulphur and chloride
  content of feeds
• ???????,?,???
• Correct imbalances with feed additives
• ???????????
• Forages and grains fed in transition ration
  should be similar to lactation ration
• ????????????????????????
• Ensure adequate calcium in lactation ration
• ??????????

12
POTASSIUM and SODIUM CONTENT OF SOME
FEEDS???????????

• Feed
• Brewers Grain ????
• Cereal grain????
• Corn Silage????
• Barley Hay???
• Protein Meal????
• Oat Hay???
• Lucerne Hay???
• Grass Hay???

• K Na 0.16 0.04
• 0.38 0.01
• 1.05 0.02
• 1.42 0.10
• 1.50 0.10
• 1.50 0.31
• 2.70 0.10
• 2.70 0.35

13
DISPLACED ABOMASUM????

• Abomasum may become displaced to either side of
  the rumen after calving??????????????
• Decreases the passage of food ??????
• decreases appetite ????
• reduces energy intake ??????
• Left-sided displacement more common ????????

14
DISPLACED ABOMASUMNUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS
???????????

• Fat cows at calving ??????????
• Abrupt feed changes ???????
• Low feed intake in week before calving ?????????
• Cows fed too little forage and too much
  concentrate in first two weeks after
  calving????????????,????
• Cows not given feed immediately after
  calving??????????

15
Treatment often requires surgery????????
16
DISPLACED ABOMASUMPREVENTION ??????

• Ensure cows are in the correct body condition
  score at calving
• ???????????????
• Provide a balanced ration pre and post calving
• ???????????????

17
KETOSIS ??

• Generally occurs in very early lactation 10 to 60
  days after calving ?????????,???10-60??
• Seen in high producing cows, or cows on a poor
  ration ??????????????
• Sub-clinical ketosis more common than clinical
  ketosis ???????????????

18
KETOSIS CLINICAL SIGNS ???????

• Diminished appetite ????
• Hard dry faeces ?????
• Rapid weight loss of affected cows ?????
• Drop in milk production ???????
• Depression ????
• May be agitated and aggressive ??????,????

19
Signs of rapid weight loss???????
20
KETOSIS RISK FACTORS ???????

• More common in 3rd and later lactations
• ?????????????
• Over fat cows at calving ???????
• Prolonged previous calving interval ?????????
• Heat and cold stress ??????
• Inadequate bunk space, housing and free stalls
  ?????????,??
• After conditions such as mastitis, retained
  placenta and milk fever ???????,?????????

21
KETOSIS TREATMENT ?????

• Correct energy deficiency in the diet
• ?????????
• Drench twice per day for 3 days with propylene
  glycol
• ?????, ????,????

22
KETOSIS PREVENTION ?????

• Feed rations before calving that reduce the
  incidence of milk fever ???????
• Feed high quality forage and concentrate after
  calving ??????????????
• Avoid having fat cows at calving ?????????
• Reduce concentrates in late lactation and during
  the dry period ?????????????

23
RETAINED FOETAL MEMBRANES?????

• Placenta retained for more than 24 hours after
  calving ?????????24??
• Caused by compromised immune system
• ????????
• immediately after calving the cows immune system
  does not recognize the placenta as foreign
  material ????????????????
• Affects around 8 of cows
• ????8

24
Cow with retained foetal membrane????????
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RETAINED FOETAL MEMBRANES RISK FACTORS?????????

• Inadequate vitamins and trace minerals in the
  diet ?????????????
• Twin births ???
• Induction of parturition ??
• Abortion / early parturition ??/??

26
RETAINED FOETAL MEMBRANES PREVENTION???????

• Feed adequate Vitamins and trace minerals to cows
  for three weeks before calving
• ??????????????????

27
IMMUNE SYSTEM BOOSTERS?????

• Vitamin E ???E
• Selenium ?
• Copper ?
• Zinc ?

• Total Per Cow Feeding ???
• 1,500 mg
• 6 mg
• 240 mg
• 1,100 mg

28
LAMENESS ?

• Feeding too much starchy concentrates and/or too
  little fibre from hay can result in LAMINITIS
• ???????????????????????

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LAMINITIS ???

• Laminitis is also referred to as Acidosis because
  it results from the rumen becoming too acidic
• ????????????????????
• This condition is usually associated with low
  milk fat in the herd ????????????????

30
Early acidosis can be identified from very runny
or loose manure??????????????????
31
LAMINITIS CORRECTIVE MEASURES??????

• Reduce the level of starch or concentrate
• ???????
• Feed more fibre in the form of hay
• ?????????????
• Feed the additive sodium bicarbonate at 150g to
  200g per cow per day
• ???????????150-200?

32
MASTITIS ???

• Mastitis is a complex problem with many factors
  contributing.
• ??????????,???????????

33
MASTITIS NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCE??????????

• The main way nutrition can affect mastitis is to
  feed adequate Vitamins and trace minerals to
  stimulate the cows immune system
• ?????,??????????????????????????