Feed Processing

1
Feed Processing

• Lecture 9
• ANS 336
• 2/9/2001

2
Processing

• To Make a profit
• Reduces cost by improving feed efficiency
• Improve production from better utilization
• Increase intake
• To alter particle size
• Easier to consume pelleting, cubing
• Range feeding, reduce fines, reduce selection,
  improve handling efficiency.
• More digestible

3
Purpose of Processing

• To Change moisture content
• To make is safe for storage, improve
  palatability, more digestible, to prepare for
  other processes. (steaming, rolling,flaking)
• Two ways to remove moisture
• Aeration with heat
• Aeration without heat
• For safe storage
• Hay (loose) 25
• Baled 20-22
• Chopped 18-20
• Cubes 16-17

4
Purpose of Processing - Moisture

• Addition of water to ensile grains
• Best at 30 moisture
• Addition of water to rations to improve
  palatability and improve mixture uniformity.
• Improve intake
• High ambient temperature.

5
Purpose of Processing

• To change density (weight per unit of volume)
• Reduce transportation charges
• Bulky to control intake
• Increase density to increase amount consumed.
• Dairy cows increased energy and protein needs in
  transition period but reduced intake.
• Flaking reduces density but improves surface area
  of the grain for improved digestibility.

6
Purpose of Processing

• To change Palatability (acceptability) hence feed
  intake.
• Adding to improve molasses, flavors, fats
• Adds nutrient content while improving intakes
• Adding to limit consumption salt
• Palatable in limited quantities but in excess
  very limiting.
• Animals on pasture or range need limiting factor
  on free choice of minerals and some feeds

7
Purpose of Processing

• To change nutrient content
• Adding Iron
• Milk fed over an extended period of time
• Adding vitamins
• Antibiotics
• Fats
• Protein
• Sugar coating cereal

8
Purpose of Processing

• To increase nutrient availability and
  digestibility.
• Milo, rolled, dry ground or not processed has
  close to the same nutrient content of Corn.
• Less available - starches represent 70-80 of the
  total dry matter appears to less available in
  milo than other grains.
• By hydration or rupturing of the starch molecules
  more of the starch appears to be digestible
  giving better results in digestion trials.
• Processing increases surface area for microbes
  and digestive enzymes. Improves utilization.

9
Purpose of Processing

• To detoxify or remove undesirable ingredients.
• Cottonseed Gossypol
• Adding iron salts rupturing of pigment gland
• Soybean meal
• Heat deactivates trypsin inhibitor
• Linseed meal
• Water -Crystalline water soluble substance
• ? Sweet Clover spoiled or moldy
• Dicoumarol anticoagulant, causes internal
  bleeding
• Manufactured form called Dicumarol

10
Purpose of Processing

• To improve mechanization
• Baling
• Chopping
• Cubing
• Ensiling
• Round baling
• Transportation
• Storage
• Self feeding
• Push button feeding

11
Purpose of Processing

• To lessen molds, salmonella and other harmful
  substances.
• Aflatoxins
• Mycotoxins carcinogens result of molds growing
  in grains
• Ammoniated feeds Cottonseed
• Ammonia added to hay stacks.
• Propionic and acetic acids reduce or inhibit mold
  growth.
• Added at harvest

12
Purpose of Processing

• To enhance rumen function (chemical, buffers,
  by-pass)
• Heat or pressure treated
• Protected or escape protein
• Treatment with tannins
• Formaldehyde or other aldehydes
• Lipids
• Complexing with bentonite clay
• Use of AA analogs (proteins)
• Adding ionophore- Monensin (Rumensin)
• Changes rumen fermentation patterns
• Shifting of VFA and methane production
• Changes passage rate of particulate matter
• Slow release NPN
• Buffers passage rate versus rumen pH

13
Methods of Processing

• 70-80 of the dry matter in Concentrates is
  composed of Starch.
• Therefore, processing methods have as their
  primary objective to improve the availability of
  these Starches to improve feed efficiency and
  digestibility.
• Steam Flaking is the standard everything is
  measured to that standard
• First process that showed a major increase in
  feedlot performance

14
Types of Processing

• Dehulling (Decortication)
• Removal of outer-coat of grain or nut.
• Hulls high in fiber, low in digestibility for
  monogastrics.
• Used as fiber source in Ruminants.
• Cottonseed Hulls
• Soybean Hulls
• Can vary protein levels in CSM, SBOM by the
  amount of Hulls removed.
• Undecorticated seed has about 22 protein
  Decortication can increase amount of protein to
  60
• Hulls low in protein, high in fiber.

• Extruding (Gelatinization)
• Feed is pressed, pushed, or protruded through
  constrictions under pressure.
• Grinding, heating with steam then forced through
  a tube by an auger.
• The holes are cone shaped from smaller to larger
  allowing the feed to expand causing disruption of
  the starch molecules.
• Improved feed efficiency Milo by 15 over dry
  rolled Milo in Feed lot trials.

15
Types of Processing

• Grinding
• Reduces particle size by impact, shearing, or
  attrition.
• May change digestibility of cellulose and
  protein.
• Hammermill
• Hammers to decrease size until it passes through
  a screen.
• Desirable when pelleting follows. Weed seed
  present.
• Called Mash or Meal
• Mash poultry
• Meal four footed animals
• Economical but depends on power, speed screen
  size and type of grain.

• Rolling
• Dry cracking or crushing of grain by steel
  rollers.
• Steam
• Crimping
• Expose grain to steam for 1-8 minutes before
  rolling.
• Does not improve feed efficiency over grinding.
• Increases palatability and animal acceptance.
  Reduces fines.
• May add up to 6 moisture to grain.

16
Types of Processing

• Heat treatments
• Excess destroys nutrients Protein, vitamins
• Done properly increases nutrient availability.
  
• Destroys trypsin inhibitor in Soybeans
• Improves rate and efficiency of gains through
  partial gelatinization of protein.
• Improves availability of fats and AA. Increases
  ME
• Must be done properly.
• Does not improve for monogastrics but does for
  Ruminants.

• Dry heating
• Micronizing
• Heated to 300º F by gas fired infrared generators
  as it passes on a steel plate then dropped into
  rolls. (7 moisture).
• Densities between 18-30 lbs per bushel.
• 25 recommended.
• Cheaper than steam rolling.
• Popping
• Milo - Density problem with reduced feed intake.

17
Types of Processing

• Roasting
• Corn and Soybeans
• Increase availability of starches and proteins
• Soybeans
• Improves feed efficiency and gains by 10 over
  ground corn.
• Fats - higher content in raw beans.
• Greatly increases availability and value of
  protein for monogastrics.
• Hogs fed whole cooked beans have a softer
  carcass. Value added ?
• Expensive equipment- requires long term
  investment.

• Cooking
• Fitting beef cattle.
• Hogs
• Potatoes, beans, soybeans
• Garbage decreases nutrient availability but
  also destroys Trichinella which causes trichinois
  in humans.
• Reduces selection by hogs.
• Destroys proteins.
• Trichinois If pork is properly cooked - no
  problem with transmission. But incidences are
  higher in areas where garbage is fed to hogs.
• All states require commercial garbage fed to
  animals must be cooked.

18
Types of Processing

• Flaking
• Modification of steam rolling by increasing the
  amount of time steam is applied or by the amount
  of pressure.
• Milo responds the best.
• Preferred method for horses. Fluffy - produces
  fewer digestive problems
• Flaking influences the density of the feed
• Results depend on Steaming time, temperature,
  grain moisture, roller size and tolerance,
  processing rate, type and variety of grain.

• Exploding
• Swelling of grain under pressure then releasing
  of the air.
• Grain put into steel bottles steam injected
  into the bottles to 250 psi for 20 seconds then
  released.
• Forces moisture into the grain.
• Becomes expanded balls with hulls removed
• Product similar to puffed cereal.
• Compared to Steam flaking of Milo in animal
  response.

19
Types of Processing

• Pelleting - Cubing
• Compacting and forcing through dies.
• Facilitates mechanization
• Eliminates fines. Increases palatability
• Alleviates separation of ingredients and sorting.
• Increases feed density.
• Reduce storage space
• Transportation costs
• Popular amount horse owners.

• Pelleting - Cubing
• May destroy Vitamin A, E, and K if insufficient
  Antioxidants for processing.
• Pellegra (nicin deficiency)does not exist in
  Mexico despite their high corn based diets.
• Limewater is added to the corn meal in making
  tortilla. Lime water releases nicotinic acid.

20
Types of Processing

• Crumbling
• Pellets crumbled
• Feed additives.
• Terramycin crumbles
• Bran Mash
• Steamed wheat bran
• Traditional feed for horse on idle days.
• Watered Feeds
• Mixing water with feeds to make a gruel, slurry,
  or swill.
• Mixing, Whey with wheat screenings

• Blocks
• Mineral supplements
• Fat supplements
• High energy blocks
• Up to 500 lbs in size for long term use.
• Hardness, salt and fat content will help limiting
  intake to about 2 lbs per day.
• Lessens labor requirements for range cattle.
• Alleviates losses from feeding on ground or from
  wind.

21
Types of Processing

• Feeding whole corn
• Under six months of age calves masticate enough
  to process the whole kernels.
• Roughage to concentrate ratio seems to be
  important.
• Whole kernels in the grain cause concern.
  However, ground corn passes through also but is
  fine, therefore, not seen.
• Animals on high concentrate diets show very
  little improvement from processed ground grain.
  May not offset processing cost.
• Hogs and poultry not a problem.

• When mixing or processing feeds - Be cautious.
• Prior feeds processed can leave residue.
• Additives are usually extremely potent.
• Customers can be easily lost over unintentional
  mixing of the wrong ingredients.

22
Types of Processing Animal Waste Processing.

• Poultry waste
• Broiler and layer litter has been used for many
  years.
• High nitrogen content.
• Types of processing
• Deep stacking
• Several weeks for increased temperature to 160º F
  growth stopped at 80 º F and killed at 145 º F.
• Used successfully for many years
• No documented animal health problems.

• Ensiling (fermentation)
• CHO are converted to lactic, acetic and other
  acids
• Heat is generated killing pathogens
• Nutritive value is improved by blending with
  other feed ingredients such as cereal grains
  prior to ensiling and adjust to 40 moisture.
• Residues from medicines and minerals may not be
  affected by ensiling Be cautious.
• No disease problem from ensiling. Problem ?

23
Types of processing- Adding Fats

• Lubricates equipment
• Coats and clogs equipment if in excess.
• Solidify in cold weather.
• High levels cause pellet to be soft.
• Fats can become rancid.
• Added at the levels of
• 5-10 swine and poultry
• 2 6 in ruminants
• Lower consumption if exceeded.
• Ethoxyquin effective antioxidant.

• Increases Caloric density of ration
• Improves palatability
• Facilitates absorption of Vit. A and D
• Supplies Linoleic acid
• Animal body requires Linoleic acid all species.
  Ruminant microbes can synthesis.
• Delays hunger.
• Fats require longer period in the stomach that
  CHO and protein. Sticking to the ribs in Human
  diets.
• Controls dust and fines

24
Types of processing- Adding Fats

• Degree of unsaturated Fats important in
  availability of Vitamins.
• Digestibility decreases with saturation.
• Relationship between degree of saturation and
  type of body fat formed. Especially in
  monogastrics.
• High levels of unsaturated fats produce soft
  pork.
• Cappuccino machines in dairy cows.

25
Types of Processing

• Treatment of High-cellulose feeds.
• Rice, barley, oat straw bagasse tree bark corn
  cobsgin trash newspaper and seed hulls.
• In their natural state are poor feedstuffs
  because of lignin or silica or a combination of
  the two encrust the energy-rich CHO, cellulose,
  and hemicellulose and keeps microbes from
  breaking them down to release the energy.
• Must open up to permit digestion by microbes

• Molasses 5- 15 of diet it has about 75
  energy value of corn.
• Appetizer and controls dust.
• In humid conditions should be limited to 5 of
  ration as mold can develop.
• Addition of Calcium propionate can control mold.
• Organic preservatives
• Propionic and Acetic at 1 to 1.5 at time of
  harvest to inhibit molds and bacteria.

26
Types of Processing High Cellulose Feeds contd

• Chemical treatment
• Alkali sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide,
  potassium hydroxide.
• Increases digestion of cell walls
• Increase energy digestibility by 10
• Decreases nitrogen digestibility through heating
  effect. Therefore improved performance with added
  protein sources.
• Used during WW I in Germany when critical
  shortages of animal feed occurred.

• Ammoniated
• Air-tight enclosure and adding anhydrous ammonia
  or liquid nitrogen.
• 3.0-3.5 anhydrous and take about 20 days.
• Adds NPN
• No mineral residue such as chemical.
• Increases CP by 3- 10
• Increases TDN and DE by 3-23
• Increases animal intake
• Prevents molding.
• Dangerous to use very toxic

27
Types of ProcessingHigh Cellulose Contd

• Hydrogen Peroxide
• Residue pH is brought up to 11.5 becomes mushy,
  then rinsed off and dried.
• Can be used wet but quick.
• Has better feed values than corn silage.
• Right now tooooo expensive and a patent is
  pending on the process.
• Requires a lot of water.
• High pressure steaming
• Used with and without chemicals
• Aspen (wood) has been shown to have digestibility
  of up to 56.
• Sheep consumed at 60 of the ration.
• Normal body weight gains and carcass traits.
• Cost is high - Use in situations of high feed
  cost

28
Types of Processing

• Total Mixed Rations
• Makes greater efficiency in feeding and lessens
  sorting at feed bunk.
• Forces consumption of ingredients not highly
  palatable.
• Can limit concentrate consumption
• Easier to get animals on full feed.
• Easier to automate
• Provide better control of nutrient intake
• Species involved.
• Dairy
• Beef Feedlot
• Sheep
• Chickens
• Swine

29
Summary

• We process to improve profitability, increase
  mechanization, utilize poorly digestible feed
  stuffs.
• To improve rates of gain
• To improve the number of animals each person can
  handle.
• To utilize products that animals would not normal
  consume.