Title: Tools and Machines
1Tools and Machines
- What different tools can be used in production?
2What is Manufacturing?
- What different tools can be used in production?
- What is the purpose of each tool?
- Take notes on your note sheet as we proceed
through the presentation.
Stationary Machines Stationary Machines Handheld Tools Handheld Tools
Table Saw Band Saw Scroll Saw Lathes Jointers Planer Drill Press Belt Sander CNC Router Belt Sander Orbital Sander Jig saw Router Drills Circular Saws Nail/Staple Guns
3Stationary Machines
- What different tools can be used in production?
4Table Saw
- Work Practices
- Use proper blade for cutting action (for example,
don't use crosscut blade for ripping). - Operate saw at speed specified by the
manufacturer. - Maintain and sharpen blade
- Leave sufficient clearance for stock.
- Stand to side of the saw blade to avoid injury
due to kickback. - Guide stock parallel to the rip fence to minimize
the potential for kickback. - Avoid crosscutting long boards on table saws.
Considerable hand pressure is required close to
the saw blade, and the boards create a safety
hazard to other people. - Use a filler piece between the fence and the saw
blade when necessary (e.g., when there is little
clearance on the fence side). - Properly support all pieces of stock, including
the cut and uncut ends, scrap, and finished
product. - Keep hands out of the line of the cut.
- Use a push stick for small pieces of wood and for
pushing stock past the blade.
- Purpose Used for straight sawing. Boards can be
cross-cut or ripped. - Possible Hazards Injuries can occur if an
operator's hands slip as he or she is feeding the
stock into the saw or if the operator holds his
or her hands too close to the blades while
cutting. The operator can also be injured when
removing scrap or finished pieces from the table.
5Band Saw
- Work Practices
- Use a blade of an appropriate size and type (for
example, do not force a wide saw to cut on a
small radius). - Set the guard to just clear the stock when it is
near the blade. - Use a push stick to control the stock when it is
near the blade. - Use a special jig or fixture when cutting small
pieces of stock. - Possible Hazards
- The most common injury is caused by contact with
the blade. Contact with the blade at the point of
operation occurs because the operator's hands may
come close to the blade during cutting, and band
saws cannot be completely guarded.
- Purpose Band saws use thin, flexible, continuous
steel strips with cutting teeth on one edge. They
are used primarily for cutting curves in stock.
6Scroll Saw
- Work Practices
- Make turns slowly do not make sharp turns with a
wide blade use a narrow blade for sharp turns. - Potential Hazard
- Contact with the blade
Purpose Scroll saws are useful for
precision-cutting intricate curves and patterns
on thin stock. They have thin blades that move
rapidly up and down through the opening in the
saw table. The blade is held in upper and lower
chucks that pull it tight and keep it from
bending. A hold-down adjusts to the thickness of
the wood being cut.
7Lathe
- Work Practices
- For automatic wood-turning lathes with rotating
knives, cover the cutter head with a metal shield
or hood that completely covers the knives and
material, except at the contact points, when the
machine is in operation. A hinged shield permits
adjustments when needed. - For manual lathes, cover the cutter heads as
completely as possible with a hood or shield. - Cover lathes used for turning long stock with
long curved guards extending over the top of the
lathe. Such guards prevent the stock from being
thrown from the machine, should the stock come
loose. - On hand-fed lathes, guard the tool and point of
operation with a Plexiglas tool guard, as shown
in Fig. 1. - Enclose the power transmission with a fixed
guard. - Possible Hazards
- The primary hazards of lathes are contact with
rotating parts and contact at the point of
operation. Operators' hands, clothing, or jewelry
may be caught on the rotating parts and pulled
into the machine. The danger is greater with
hand-fed lathes, because the operator works in
such close proximity to the rotating stock and
the cutting tool. With automatic lathes, the
operator can contact the rotating parts if he or
she reaches into the work area to adjust
components while the machine is running. Flying
chips are also a hazard on lathes.
Purpose Lathes are used for shaping round parts,
such as table legs.
8Jointer
- Work Practices
- Use hold-down push blocks when jointing wood
narrower than 3 inches. - As a general rule, never joint pieces of material
that are less than four times the width of the
bed opening. - Avoid deep cuts. They increase the likelihood of
kickbacks and require a larger table opening. - Check knives regularly for proper setting and
adjustment, but be sure to shut off the power
first. - Enclose the power transmission with a fixed
guard. - Possible Hazards
- Injuries can occur if the operator's hands and
fingers come in contact with the knives. This can
happen when the operator is jointing narrow
lengths of stock, particularly when not using a
jig or other holding device. Injuries can occur
when the operator's fingers ride along the
surface of the jointer while feeding the wood.
Also, stock may be accidentally kicked away,
exposing the operator's hands to the cutter head.
Purpose Jointers face or flatten wood and are
used primarily to joint small pieces of material.
The operator passes stock over a cylindrical,
multiple-knife cutter head, while keeping the
stock flush against a guide. The depth of the cut
is achieved by adjusting the front table.
9Planer
Purpose Planers, also called surfacers, are
woodworking machines used to dress and size
rough-sawed lumber on one or more sides - planing
boards to an even thickness. Planers are similar
to jointers except that the cutter head is above,
or above and below, the stock. Stock passes under
or between cylindrical cutter heads with multiple
knives. An operator's hands can come in contact
with the point of operation while adjusting the
blades. Operators' hands also may be pinched
between the stock and in-running rolls if the
feed system is not properly guarded.
10Drill Press
- Work Practices
- The drilling machine operator may or may not be a
skilled worker. The common drill press is used
often by anybody in the shop and injuries can
occur because of carelessness. The operator must
position the stock, install the drill, operate
and observe, and maintain housekeeping. The
operator also must change speeds and feeds when
required. - Possible Hazards
- One of the most common causes of accidents that
occur on a drill press is poor operator judgment.
Often the operator will attempt to hand-hold the
stock while drilling. When the drill enters the
work, it can catch and twist the stock from the
operator, which results in an uncontrolled
rotating piece of wood. Other point-of-operation
hazards include the rotating drill, which is
rarely guarded, and hot chip generation. - Operating controls often are simple on-off
push-buttons with no emergency stop devices. - Power transmission components often are exposed.
- Because the drill press is such a commonly used
machine, it often is cluttered with chips and
scraps, which create a hazardous work area. - This machine is less hazardous than others only
because of its simple operation nevertheless,
familiarity with its operation is required.
Purpose A drill press is a wood cutting machine
that uses a multiple-cutting-edged rotating tool
to remove wood and produce a hole in the stock.
11Belt Sander
- Work Practices
- Keep hands away from abrasive surfaces.
- Sand on the downward-moving side of the disk or
belt. - Replace torn, frayed, or excessively worn belts
or drums. A worn-out belt, disk, or drum can
cause massive heat buildup, which can cause the
belt, disk, or drum to tear or break and pelt the
surrounding area with projected bits. - Possible Hazards
- The primary safety hazard of belt sanders is that
workers may catch their hands, clothing, or
jewelry in the in-running rolls. Also, contact
with an abrasive surface can cause abrasions and
lacerations.
Purpose Sanders finish stock by using a coated
abrasive surface to remove material.
12CNC Router
- Work Practices
- Keep hands away from abrasive surfaces.
- Use quality stock that is unlikely to break.
- Avoid feeding the stock into the tool too
abruptly or in the wrong direction. - Always secure the stock to the template.
- Use tools only as intended.
- Possible Hazards
- Inadvertent contact with the rotating tool or
cutter head when handling the stock or removing
scrap from the table may cause injuries. - Clothing or hair may be caught on a rotating
cutter head. - Tools can be flung from the cutter head if they
are poorly fastened in the tool holder, if the
wrong tool is used, or if the tool speed is too
high. - Kickback may be caused by poor-quality lumber
such as if the stock breaks or incorrect work
method, such as feeding the stock into the tool
too abruptly or in the wrong direction, or poorly
fixing the stock to the template.
Purpose Routers often are used for cutting and
shaping decorative pieces, making frame and panel
doors, and milling moldings.
13Handheld Tools
- What different tools can be used in production?
14Belt Sander
- Work Practices
- Use safety bit chucks with no projecting screws
- Enclose boring bits with a guard that encloses
the bit and chuck above the material being worked
- Enclose the top of the cutting chain and driving
mechanism - Cover operating treadles with inverted U-shaped
guard to prevent accidental tripping - Sand on the downward-moving side of the disk or
belt. - Replace torn, frayed, or excessively worn belts.
A worn-out belt can cause massive heat buildup,
which can cause it to tear or break and pelt the
surrounding area with projected bits. - Possible Hazards
- In-running nip points - Clothing, hands, or hair
may get caught by and pulled into the in-running
rolls on automatic sanders or sanding belts. - Wood splinters and chips may be thrown from the
sanding action.
Purpose Handheld sanders finish stock by using a
coated abrasive surface to remove material.
15Orbital Sander
- Work Practices
- Keep hands away from abrasive surfaces.
- Sand on the downward-moving side of the disk.
- Replace torn, frayed, or excessively worn belts.
A worn-out belt can cause massive heat buildup,
which can cause it to tear or break and pelt the
surrounding area with projected bits. - Possible Hazards
- Contact with disc may occur.
- Wood splinters and chips may be thrown from the
sanding action.
Purpose Handheld sanders finish stock by using a
coated abrasive surface to remove material.
16Jig Saw
- Work Practices
- Guard the blade with an adjustable or
self-adjusting guard. - Guard the portion of the blade below the stock
that is being cut. - Make turns slowly
- Do not make sharp turns with a wide blade
- Use a narrow blade for sharp turns.
- Possible Hazards
- Contact with the moving blade may occur.
- Wood chips and splinters may be thrown by the
cutting action.
Purpose Handheld jig saws are useful for
precision-cutting intricate curves and patterns
on thin stock.
17Handheld Router
- Work Practices
- Never start routing end grain first.
- Use Jigs or guards whenever possible.
- Increase the router speed if possible.
- Make sure the work piece is secure.
- Use proper means of wood dust collection.
- Always wear eye protection.
- Possible Hazards
- The most common hazards occur when routing end
grain. The router bit can grab the work piece,
causing the operator to lose control. - Kickbacks can occur when operating the router at
slow speeds. - The cutting action of the handheld router may
expose operator to splinters, sawdust, and flying
chips.
Purpose Handheld routers are used for cutting
and shaping decorative pieces, making frame and
panel doors, and milling moldings.
18Handheld Drill
- Work Practices
- The drill gradually feeds into the work, it is
changed very often, chips must be able to escape,
and the stock must be moved around. Whenever
possible, a hold-down fixture should be used
rather than the hands. - Good housekeeping and operator training are
absolute musts. - Possible Hazards
- One of the most common causes of accidents
involving a drill is poor operator judgment.
Often the operator will attempt to hand-hold the
stock while drilling. When the drill enters the
work, it can catch and twist the stock from the
operator, which results in an uncontrolled
rotating piece of wood. Other point-of-operation
hazards include the rotating drill, which is
rarely guarded, and hot chip generation.
Purpose A handheld drill uses a
multiple-cutting-edged rotating tool to remove
wood and produce a hole in the stock.
19Circular Saw
- Work Practices
- Use proper blade for cutting action (for example,
don't use crosscut blade for ripping). - Operate saw at speed specified by the
manufacturer. - Maintain and sharpen blade
- Leave sufficient clearance for stock.
- Properly support all pieces of stock, including
the cut and uncut ends, scrap, and finished
product. - Keep hands out of the line of the cut.
- Good housekeeping and operator training are
absolute musts. - Possible Hazards
- Injuries can occur if an operator's hands slip
while cutting the stock or if they are too close
to the blade during cutting. - Kickbacks can result if the blade height is not
correct or if the blade is not maintained
properly. Kickbacks are more likely to occur when
ripping, rather than crosscutting. Kickbacks also
can occur if safeguards are not used or if
poor-quality lumber is cut.
Purpose Circular saws are used for straight
sawing. Depending on the blade, they cut either
across (crosscut) or with (rip) the grain of the
wood.
20Handheld Nail and Staple Guns
- Work Practices
- Compressed air guns should never be pointed
toward anyone. Workers should never "dead-end" a
pneumatic gun against them selves or anyone else.
A chip guard must be used when compressed air is
used for cleaning. - Possible Hazards
- There is always the danger of getting hit by one
of the tool's attachments or by some kind of
fastener the worker is using with the tool. - Like other pneumatic tools, there is a hazard of
flying concrete, wood chips, and/or nails.
Purpose attach materials together using
compressed air to staple or nail the material.
21Demonstration Time
- You will now participate in a demonstration of
each piece of equipment and try to operate it
yourself.