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Tools and Machines

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Potential Hazard Contact with the blade Lathe Work Practices For automatic wood ... a jig or other holding ... push-buttons with no emergency stop devices. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Tools and Machines


1
Tools and Machines
  • What different tools can be used in production?

2
What is Manufacturing?
  • What different tools can be used in production?
  • What is the purpose of each tool?
  • Take notes on your note sheet as we proceed
    through the presentation.

Stationary Machines Stationary Machines Handheld Tools Handheld Tools
Table Saw Band Saw Scroll Saw Lathes Jointers Planer Drill Press Belt Sander CNC Router Belt Sander Orbital Sander Jig saw Router Drills Circular Saws Nail/Staple Guns
3
Stationary Machines
  • What different tools can be used in production?

4
Table Saw
  • Work Practices
  • Use proper blade for cutting action (for example,
    don't use crosscut blade for ripping).
  • Operate saw at speed specified by the
    manufacturer.
  • Maintain and sharpen blade
  • Leave sufficient clearance for stock.
  • Stand to side of the saw blade to avoid injury
    due to kickback.
  • Guide stock parallel to the rip fence to minimize
    the potential for kickback.
  • Avoid crosscutting long boards on table saws.
    Considerable hand pressure is required close to
    the saw blade, and the boards create a safety
    hazard to other people.
  • Use a filler piece between the fence and the saw
    blade when necessary (e.g., when there is little
    clearance on the fence side).
  • Properly support all pieces of stock, including
    the cut and uncut ends, scrap, and finished
    product.
  • Keep hands out of the line of the cut.
  • Use a push stick for small pieces of wood and for
    pushing stock past the blade.
  • Purpose Used for straight sawing. Boards can be
    cross-cut or ripped.
  • Possible Hazards Injuries can occur if an
    operator's hands slip as he or she is feeding the
    stock into the saw or if the operator holds his
    or her hands too close to the blades while
    cutting. The operator can also be injured when
    removing scrap or finished pieces from the table.

5
Band Saw
  • Work Practices
  • Use a blade of an appropriate size and type (for
    example, do not force a wide saw to cut on a
    small radius).
  • Set the guard to just clear the stock when it is
    near the blade.
  • Use a push stick to control the stock when it is
    near the blade.
  • Use a special jig or fixture when cutting small
    pieces of stock.
  • Possible Hazards
  • The most common injury is caused by contact with
    the blade. Contact with the blade at the point of
    operation occurs because the operator's hands may
    come close to the blade during cutting, and band
    saws cannot be completely guarded.
  • Purpose Band saws use thin, flexible, continuous
    steel strips with cutting teeth on one edge. They
    are used primarily for cutting curves in stock.

6
Scroll Saw
  • Work Practices
  • Make turns slowly do not make sharp turns with a
    wide blade use a narrow blade for sharp turns.
  • Potential Hazard
  • Contact with the blade

Purpose Scroll saws are useful for
precision-cutting intricate curves and patterns
on thin stock. They have thin blades that move
rapidly up and down through the opening in the
saw table. The blade is held in upper and lower
chucks that pull it tight and keep it from
bending. A hold-down adjusts to the thickness of
the wood being cut.
7
Lathe
  • Work Practices
  • For automatic wood-turning lathes with rotating
    knives, cover the cutter head with a metal shield
    or hood that completely covers the knives and
    material, except at the contact points, when the
    machine is in operation. A hinged shield permits
    adjustments when needed.
  • For manual lathes, cover the cutter heads as
    completely as possible with a hood or shield.
  • Cover lathes used for turning long stock with
    long curved guards extending over the top of the
    lathe. Such guards prevent the stock from being
    thrown from the machine, should the stock come
    loose.
  • On hand-fed lathes, guard the tool and point of
    operation with a Plexiglas tool guard, as shown
    in Fig. 1.
  • Enclose the power transmission with a fixed
    guard.
  • Possible Hazards
  • The primary hazards of lathes are contact with
    rotating parts and contact at the point of
    operation. Operators' hands, clothing, or jewelry
    may be caught on the rotating parts and pulled
    into the machine. The danger is greater with
    hand-fed lathes, because the operator works in
    such close proximity to the rotating stock and
    the cutting tool. With automatic lathes, the
    operator can contact the rotating parts if he or
    she reaches into the work area to adjust
    components while the machine is running. Flying
    chips are also a hazard on lathes.

Purpose Lathes are used for shaping round parts,
such as table legs.
8
Jointer
  • Work Practices
  • Use hold-down push blocks when jointing wood
    narrower than 3 inches.
  • As a general rule, never joint pieces of material
    that are less than four times the width of the
    bed opening.
  • Avoid deep cuts. They increase the likelihood of
    kickbacks and require a larger table opening.
  • Check knives regularly for proper setting and
    adjustment, but be sure to shut off the power
    first.
  • Enclose the power transmission with a fixed
    guard.
  • Possible Hazards
  • Injuries can occur if the operator's hands and
    fingers come in contact with the knives. This can
    happen when the operator is jointing narrow
    lengths of stock, particularly when not using a
    jig or other holding device. Injuries can occur
    when the operator's fingers ride along the
    surface of the jointer while feeding the wood.
    Also, stock may be accidentally kicked away,
    exposing the operator's hands to the cutter head.

Purpose Jointers face or flatten wood and are
used primarily to joint small pieces of material.
The operator passes stock over a cylindrical,
multiple-knife cutter head, while keeping the
stock flush against a guide. The depth of the cut
is achieved by adjusting the front table.
9
Planer
Purpose Planers, also called surfacers, are
woodworking machines used to dress and size
rough-sawed lumber on one or more sides - planing
boards to an even thickness. Planers are similar
to jointers except that the cutter head is above,
or above and below, the stock. Stock passes under
or between cylindrical cutter heads with multiple
knives. An operator's hands can come in contact
with the point of operation while adjusting the
blades. Operators' hands also may be pinched
between the stock and in-running rolls if the
feed system is not properly guarded.
10
Drill Press
  • Work Practices
  • The drilling machine operator may or may not be a
    skilled worker. The common drill press is used
    often by anybody in the shop and injuries can
    occur because of carelessness. The operator must
    position the stock, install the drill, operate
    and observe, and maintain housekeeping. The
    operator also must change speeds and feeds when
    required.
  • Possible Hazards
  • One of the most common causes of accidents that
    occur on a drill press is poor operator judgment.
    Often the operator will attempt to hand-hold the
    stock while drilling. When the drill enters the
    work, it can catch and twist the stock from the
    operator, which results in an uncontrolled
    rotating piece of wood. Other point-of-operation
    hazards include the rotating drill, which is
    rarely guarded, and hot chip generation.
  • Operating controls often are simple on-off
    push-buttons with no emergency stop devices.
  • Power transmission components often are exposed.
  • Because the drill press is such a commonly used
    machine, it often is cluttered with chips and
    scraps, which create a hazardous work area.
  • This machine is less hazardous than others only
    because of its simple operation nevertheless,
    familiarity with its operation is required.

Purpose A drill press is a wood cutting machine
that uses a multiple-cutting-edged rotating tool
to remove wood and produce a hole in the stock.
11
Belt Sander
  • Work Practices
  • Keep hands away from abrasive surfaces.
  • Sand on the downward-moving side of the disk or
    belt.
  • Replace torn, frayed, or excessively worn belts
    or drums. A worn-out belt, disk, or drum can
    cause massive heat buildup, which can cause the
    belt, disk, or drum to tear or break and pelt the
    surrounding area with projected bits.
  • Possible Hazards
  • The primary safety hazard of belt sanders is that
    workers may catch their hands, clothing, or
    jewelry in the in-running rolls. Also, contact
    with an abrasive surface can cause abrasions and
    lacerations.

Purpose Sanders finish stock by using a coated
abrasive surface to remove material.
12
CNC Router
  • Work Practices
  • Keep hands away from abrasive surfaces.
  • Use quality stock that is unlikely to break.
  • Avoid feeding the stock into the tool too
    abruptly or in the wrong direction.
  • Always secure the stock to the template.
  • Use tools only as intended.
  • Possible Hazards
  • Inadvertent contact with the rotating tool or
    cutter head when handling the stock or removing
    scrap from the table may cause injuries.
  • Clothing or hair may be caught on a rotating
    cutter head.
  • Tools can be flung from the cutter head if they
    are poorly fastened in the tool holder, if the
    wrong tool is used, or if the tool speed is too
    high.
  • Kickback may be caused by poor-quality lumber
    such as if the stock breaks or incorrect work
    method, such as feeding the stock into the tool
    too abruptly or in the wrong direction, or poorly
    fixing the stock to the template.

Purpose Routers often are used for cutting and
shaping decorative pieces, making frame and panel
doors, and milling moldings.
13
Handheld Tools
  • What different tools can be used in production?

14
Belt Sander
  • Work Practices
  • Use safety bit chucks with no projecting screws
  • Enclose boring bits with a guard that encloses
    the bit and chuck above the material being worked
  • Enclose the top of the cutting chain and driving
    mechanism
  • Cover operating treadles with inverted U-shaped
    guard to prevent accidental tripping
  • Sand on the downward-moving side of the disk or
    belt.
  • Replace torn, frayed, or excessively worn belts.
    A worn-out belt can cause massive heat buildup,
    which can cause it to tear or break and pelt the
    surrounding area with projected bits.
  • Possible Hazards
  • In-running nip points - Clothing, hands, or hair
    may get caught by and pulled into the in-running
    rolls on automatic sanders or sanding belts.
  • Wood splinters and chips may be thrown from the
    sanding action.

Purpose Handheld sanders finish stock by using a
coated abrasive surface to remove material.
15
Orbital Sander
  • Work Practices
  • Keep hands away from abrasive surfaces.
  • Sand on the downward-moving side of the disk.
  • Replace torn, frayed, or excessively worn belts.
    A worn-out belt can cause massive heat buildup,
    which can cause it to tear or break and pelt the
    surrounding area with projected bits.
  • Possible Hazards
  • Contact with disc may occur.
  • Wood splinters and chips may be thrown from the
    sanding action.

Purpose Handheld sanders finish stock by using a
coated abrasive surface to remove material.
16
Jig Saw
  • Work Practices
  • Guard the blade with an adjustable or
    self-adjusting guard.
  • Guard the portion of the blade below the stock
    that is being cut.
  • Make turns slowly
  • Do not make sharp turns with a wide blade
  • Use a narrow blade for sharp turns.
  • Possible Hazards
  • Contact with the moving blade may occur.
  • Wood chips and splinters may be thrown by the
    cutting action.

Purpose Handheld jig saws are useful for
precision-cutting intricate curves and patterns
on thin stock.
17
Handheld Router
  • Work Practices
  • Never start routing end grain first.
  • Use Jigs or guards whenever possible.
  • Increase the router speed if possible.
  • Make sure the work piece is secure.
  • Use proper means of wood dust collection.
  • Always wear eye protection.
  • Possible Hazards
  • The most common hazards occur when routing end
    grain. The router bit can grab the work piece,
    causing the operator to lose control.
  • Kickbacks can occur when operating the router at
    slow speeds.
  • The cutting action of the handheld router may
    expose operator to splinters, sawdust, and flying
    chips.

Purpose Handheld routers are used for cutting
and shaping decorative pieces, making frame and
panel doors, and milling moldings.
18
Handheld Drill
  • Work Practices
  • The drill gradually feeds into the work, it is
    changed very often, chips must be able to escape,
    and the stock must be moved around. Whenever
    possible, a hold-down fixture should be used
    rather than the hands.
  • Good housekeeping and operator training are
    absolute musts.
  • Possible Hazards
  • One of the most common causes of accidents
    involving a drill is poor operator judgment.
    Often the operator will attempt to hand-hold the
    stock while drilling. When the drill enters the
    work, it can catch and twist the stock from the
    operator, which results in an uncontrolled
    rotating piece of wood. Other point-of-operation
    hazards include the rotating drill, which is
    rarely guarded, and hot chip generation.

Purpose A handheld drill uses a
multiple-cutting-edged rotating tool to remove
wood and produce a hole in the stock.
19
Circular Saw
  • Work Practices
  • Use proper blade for cutting action (for example,
    don't use crosscut blade for ripping).
  • Operate saw at speed specified by the
    manufacturer.
  • Maintain and sharpen blade
  • Leave sufficient clearance for stock.
  • Properly support all pieces of stock, including
    the cut and uncut ends, scrap, and finished
    product.
  • Keep hands out of the line of the cut.
  • Good housekeeping and operator training are
    absolute musts.
  • Possible Hazards
  • Injuries can occur if an operator's hands slip
    while cutting the stock or if they are too close
    to the blade during cutting.
  • Kickbacks can result if the blade height is not
    correct or if the blade is not maintained
    properly. Kickbacks are more likely to occur when
    ripping, rather than crosscutting. Kickbacks also
    can occur if safeguards are not used or if
    poor-quality lumber is cut.

Purpose Circular saws are used for straight
sawing. Depending on the blade, they cut either
across (crosscut) or with (rip) the grain of the
wood.
20
Handheld Nail and Staple Guns
  • Work Practices
  • Compressed air guns should never be pointed
    toward anyone. Workers should never "dead-end" a
    pneumatic gun against them selves or anyone else.
    A chip guard must be used when compressed air is
    used for cleaning.
  • Possible Hazards
  • There is always the danger of getting hit by one
    of the tool's attachments or by some kind of
    fastener the worker is using with the tool.
  • Like other pneumatic tools, there is a hazard of
    flying concrete, wood chips, and/or nails.

Purpose attach materials together using
compressed air to staple or nail the material.
21
Demonstration Time
  • You will now participate in a demonstration of
    each piece of equipment and try to operate it
    yourself.
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