THE PROTOZOA

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THE PROTOZOA

• UNICELLULAR - EUCARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS
• FOUND IN THE KINGDOM PROTISTA
• NO COMMON BASIC STRUCTURE, SIZE OR SHAPE
• SIZE VARIES GREATLY - 2 TO 5,000 MICROMETERS
• DISTRIBUTION
• FREE LIVING FORMS

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• I. Protozoan Characteristics (65,000, 12 are
  extinct)
• Environment Found In
• Ocean
• Zooplankton (primary energy source in aquatic
  eco.)
• Vegetation
• Rivers
• Ponds
• Soil
• Bodies of other organisms
• Found in cells, tissue and blood stream of Host
• Cause malaria, amebic dysentery, giardiasis

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• B. Heterotrophic
• Ingest small molecules or cells
• a. Food Vacuoles - break food down

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• C. Reproduction
• 1. Asexual ,
• a. Binary Fission -2 identical individuals
• b. Multiple Fission - more than 2 indenticals
  indo
• 2. Sexual
• a. Conjugation -, exchange genetic material

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Reproduction
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• D. Classification - according to how they move
  or not
• 1. FivePhyla/Plus Euglenophyta
• Sarodina , move by psuedopods (false feet)
• Ciliophora - move by cilia (eyelash like)
• Zoomastigina - move by flagella (whiplike)
• Sporozoa - none motile
• Euglenophyta - flagella (both plant/animal

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• Adaptations- for monitoring envirionment
• Eyespot-
• Detect quantity and quality of light
• Cyst- (means sac in Greek)
• Crate hardened covering (Lack of food, H2O, O2)
• Metabolic activity stops
• Important for Protozoans between hosts
• Conditions Good- Protozoan emerges, resumes
  metabolic activity

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• Evolution
• First Prokaryotes 3.5 bya
• First Eukaryotic 1.5 bya
• a. Endosymbiosis one prokaryote lives inside
  another until both become dependent on each other
  (first eukaryotes)

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II. Phylum Sarcodina- 40,000 Species are Amoebas

• Environment
• fresh/salt water
• Soil
• a. Pelomyxa carlinensis (mud, rock, slow moving
  streams, ponds)

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• Structures
• Psuedopodia- movement/feeding
• Endoplasm- inner cytoplasm (thin consistency)
• Ectoplasm- outer cytoplasm (thick consistency)
  (Fig. 26-4)
• Amoeboid movement- Cytoplasmic
• Endocytosis- engulfing
• Phagocytosis- feeding
• Pinocytosis- dinking
• Contractile Vacuole- pumps out excess water

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• Ecological Role
• Foraminifera- Shell (test) med of calcium
  carbonate
• Created limestone/chalk deposits
• Found in White Cliffs of Dover/ Pyramids

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• Radioalarians- Shell (test) made of silicon
  dioxide
• Created Chert and Jasper (rock)

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D. Human Diseases (non-free living amoebas)

• Entamoeba histolytica
• Enters from contaminated water, food
• Lives in large intestine (enzymes attack lining
  causing ulcers)
• Causes Amoebic Dysentery
• diarrhea dehyd, bloody stool, ? death
• ACANTHAMOEBA Sp.
• Causes
• 1. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis
• 2. Keratitis

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III. Phylum Ciliophora- 8000 species Paramecium
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• Environment
• Ponds(Marine/Fresh)
• Slow moving streams

Monodinium spp.
Stentor
Euplotes
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er1
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• Food Source
• Bacteria
• Algae

Vorticella
Stentor
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• Internal Structure
• Pellicle
• Surrounds cell membrand
• Made of protein (clear and elastic)
• Gives shape
• Oral groove (lined with cilia)
• Creates currents to sweep food to Mouth Pore
• Mouth Pore open to Gullet
• Gullet forms Vacuoles
• Vacuoles circulate food to cytoplasm
• Anal Pore- undigested food passes out

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• Macronucleus
• a. Controls Metabolic/ Developmental Activities
• Micronucleus
• Controls reproduction (conjugation)
• 8. Cilia- External Cytoplasm-movement

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• Reproduction
• Asexual
• Binary Fission (Macro-splits)
• (Micro- divides mitotically)

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• Sexual- conjugation
• Macro- disintegrates
• (p515) Micro-nuc-Meiosis occurs (2n)
• 4 Haploid Micro-Nuclei produced
• All but 1 micor nucli disintegrate in each
  Paramecium
• Remaining Micro-nuc divide by mitosis (n)
• 2 Paramecium exchange (n) micro nuc./ fusing
  forming 2n micro-nuc
• Cells separate/ new macro forms
• Following conjugation/ paramecium divide
  producing 4 identical paramecium (different from
  original 2)

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IV. Phylum Zoomastigina- 2500 species

• Environment
• Ponds
• Lakes

Peranema
Giardia
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• Movement- flagella
• 1. Hairlike structure made of microtubules

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• Human Diseases Zooflagulates (parasitic)
• Trypanosoma (Genus)
• Found in blood fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
  mammals
• Spread by blood sucking insects from Host to Host

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• Kinds of Zooflagellates
• T. trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)
• Transmitted by the Tse Tse fly
• Causes lethargy, mental deterioration, coma

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• b. T. cruzi (Chagas disease)
• Transmitted by kissing bug
• People suffer fever/ heart disease

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• c. Leish mania donovani
• Sandflies
• Blood disease (p516)
• Africa, Asia, Latin America
• Fatal

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• d. Giardia lamblia
• Transmitted by feces in water
• Causes diarrhea/cramps

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1. Treatment for protozoan infections is usually an
   antibiotic called metranidazole also called
   flagyl.

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• Plylum Sporazoa- 6000 species

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• Characteristics
• No locomotion
• Parasitic
• Complex life cycles
• Spore encased in protective coat

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• 5. Live in the host blood/tissues
• Example Toxoplasma gondii- found in birds,
  rodents, cats. In Human it causes toxoplasmosis-
  which can cause birth defects in newborns

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SPOROZOA

1. ALL OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES
2. ALL HAVE COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES
3. PATHOGENIC SPOROZOAN-PLASMODIUM Sp.
4. CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MALARIA
5. FOUR SPECIES CAUSE MALARIA

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• 1. P. MALARIAE
• 2. P. OVALE
• 3. P. VIVAX
• 4. P. FALCIPARUM
• LIFE CYCLE OCCURS IN TWO ORGANISMS
• MOSQUITO (ANOPHELES Sp.) AND ANIMAL BODY
• SEXUAL CYCLE IN MOSQUITO
• ASEXUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN BODY

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• 3 IMPORTANT STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE
• SPOROZOITE
• MEROZOITE
• GAMETOCYTE
• LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

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1. TOXOPLASMOSIS
2. CAUSED BY TOXOPLASMA GONDII
3. SEEN MOSTLY IN PEOPLE WITH COMPROMISED IMMUNE
   SYSTEMS
4. CATS ARE AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF
   THIS PROTOZOAN
5. THE ORGANISM REPLICATES IN THE INTESTINE OF THE
   CAT.
6. IT PASSES OUT OF THE CAT IN ITS FECAL MATERIA
7. PEOPLE INJEST THE ORGANISM

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• Plasodium
• Causes Malaria (victim die anemia, kidney
  failure, brain damage)
• Cause more deaths than any other genus in history
• 500 million people a year infected
• 2.7 million die a year

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• Life cycle
• Bitten by anopheles (female mosquito)
• P. sporozites enter blood to live cells
• Merozoites emerge to infect RBC where they
  reproduce asexually
• RBC burst, releasing toxins (must kill both blood
  and liver merozoites)
• Merozoites form Gametacytes
• Anopheles bites, injests Gametocytes
• Sperm-egg form zygote
• Zygote burst releasing sporozoites to salivary
  glands/cycle repeats
• Cure- derived from cinchona tree (quinine) 500
  years

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• TREATMENT FOR MALARIA - QUININE AND ITS
  DERIVATIVES
• CHLOROQUINE
• PRIMAQUINE
• MEFLOQUINE - LARIUM
• SIDE EFFECTS OF LONG TERM USE OF QUININE
• HALLUCINATIONS
• CONVULSIONS
• EMOTIONAL CHANGES

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VI. Phylum Euglenophyta- 1000 species (p533)
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• Characteristics (Euglenoids)
• Plant characteristics- photosynthetic, have
  chlorophyll
• Animal- lack cell wall, very motile
• Live in fresh water, soil, digestive tract of
  some animals

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• Genus- Euglena gracilis
• Found- fresh water
• Pellicle- give it shape
• Contractile vacuole- rid of excess water
• Photosynthetic- if raised in dark becomes
  heterotrophic
• Eye spot- light sensitive

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• PARASITIC FORMS (MANY ANIMALS CARRY PROTOZOANS AS
  NORMAL FLORA)
• FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION OF FREE LIVING
  FORMS
• NaCl CONCENTRATION
• pH
• TEMPERATURE
• OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS

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• NUTRITION
• FREE LIVING FORMS - PHAGOCYTOSIS OF PARTICULATE
  MATTER
• COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL NEEDS
• ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS
• STORAGE PRODUCTS - GLYCOGEN, STARCH AND LIPIDS
• REPRODUCTION
• ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION, MULTIPLE FISSION OR
  BUDDING

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• SEXUAL - SYNGAMY OR CONJUGATION
• CLASSIFICATION (ORGANELLES OF MOTOLITY)
• KINGDOM PROTISTA
• PHYLUM PROTOZOA
• GROUPINGS AMOEBA, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES,
  SPOROZOA
• AMOEBA - PSEUDOPODIA - NO CELL WALL
• AMOEBA PROTEUS - FREE LIVING AMOEBA