Energy processes in the production of groundnuts

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Energy processes in the production of groundnuts

• Group 4 Project
• Jamnagar

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Theme

• Investigating energy transfers and efficiency in
  the cultivation of natural and hybrid species of
  groundnuts.

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Overall view on energy transfers

• Kinetic energy Chemical energy (water pump
  tractor)
• Thermal energy Chemical energy (groundnut oil)
• Chemical energy (nutrients)

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Physics

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The machinery

• We decided to investigate two machines used in
  the cultivation of groundnuts, a water pump and a
  tractor. We decided to find the efficiency of
  these two machines using simple physics.
• Physics Aim Calculating the energy efficiency of
  mechanical equipment utilized in cultivation of
  natural and genetically enhanced groundnuts

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Background information

• The Water Pump
• A water pump is used to pump water from deep
  underground up to the surface of the earth, which
  is then used for the irrigation of various crops.
• At the site, we gathered that two such water
  pumps were in use.

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The physics of the water pump
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The physics of the water pump

• Data collected
• Power input (Electrical power)
• Rate of water flow
• Radius of pipe
• Height of well
• Mass and volume of water (used for density)

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The physics of the water pump

• Equations used
• Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) mgh
• Kinetic Energy (KE) ½mv2
• Mass flow Rate of water flow x Density
• Density Mass/Volume
• Power Work Done/Time

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The physics of the water pump

• Power input 10500 W
• Power output 1680 W
• Efficiency of water pump 16

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Background information

• The Tractor
• A tractor is a motor vehicle that is used mainly
  off the highway on fields, forests etc.
• At the site, we gathered that one tractor was in
  use.

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The physics of the tractor
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The physics of the tractor

• Data collected
• Average tractor speed on the field
• Dimensions of the field
• Power of the tractor engine
• Mileage

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The physics of the tractor

• Secondary Data used
• Conversion factor of horsepower to watts
• Enthalpy of Combustion of Diesel
• Density of Diesel

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The physics of the tractor

• Equations used
• 1 Horsepower 746 Watts
• Power Force x Velocity
• Work Done Force x Distance

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Chemistry

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The physics of the tractor

• Energy input 300 MJ
• Energy output 6 MJ
• Efficiency of the tractor 2
• Note The energy was calculated over the area of
  1600 m2

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Groundnut Oil

• We decided to investigate the difference in the
  heat given out by the two breeds of groundnuts
  cultivated, the natural and the genetically
  enhanced.
• Chemistry Aim Calculating the enthalpy of
  combustion of the natural and the genetically
  enhanced groundnuts.

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Background information

• In the fields, farmers cultivate different
  species of groundnuts, namely G-2, G-11 and
  G-20.
• Out of these, G -2 and G-20 are natural and are
  both used for eating as well as extracting
  cooking oil.
• G-11 is the hybrid species, mainly used for
  extracting cooking oil.

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Groundnut Oil

• Data collected
• Mass of groundnuts
• Heat given out by groundnuts
• Volume of water heated
• Temperature rise in the water

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Formulae used

• Heat given out by groundnut
• Mass of water x specific heat capacity x
  temperature rise
• (m . c . ?t)
• Heat given out per gram
• (mc?t) / mass of groundnut

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Processed Data

• G - 20

Attempt no. Heat given out (J/g)
1 4027.7
2 4080.0
3 3892.7
4 3859.5
5 4092.3
Average value 3999.4 J/g
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Processed Data

• G - 2

Attempt no. Heat given out (J/g)
1 4523.1
2 4355.6
3 4555.9
4 4533.3
5 4500.0
Average value 4493.6 J/g
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Processed Data

• G - 11

Average value 5780 J/g
Attempt no. Heat given out (J/g)
1 3422.1
2 7045.5
3 4963.2
4 8400.6
5 5815.2
6 1260.9
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Graphical Illustration
It was calculated that the hybrid (G 11) was 45
more efficient than G 20, and 29 more than G2.
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Biology

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Groundnut Cultivation

• Biology Aim to determine a sample size and
  investigate the production of different kinds of
  groundnuts by calculating energy content of a
  field, taking the soil and energy content into
  consideration.

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Factors investigated

• Soil Divided into Uncultivated and cultivated
  soil
• i) pH
• ii) Nitrate concentration
• Yield per square meter
• Total energy produced

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pH of the soil
TYPE OF SOIL Ph (2 d.p)
UNCULTIVATED SOIL SAMPLE ONE 8.53
UNCULTIVATED SOIL SAMPLE TWO 8.65
UNCULTIVATED SOIL SAMPLE THREE 8.45
SOIL WITH ASH 8.87
CULTIVATED SOIL 8.64
AVERAGE 8.23
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Nitrate Concentration
TYPE OF SOIL Mg / L (1 d.p)
UNCULTIVATED SOIL SAMPLE ONE 73.6
UNCULTIVATED SOIL SAMPLE TWO 77.2
UNCULTIVATED SOIL SAMPLE THREE 74.9
SOIL WITH ASH 80.3
CULTIVATED SOIL 82.4
AVERAGE 77.7
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Yield per square metre

• This was found out using secondary information
  which was obtained by asking the near by local
  farmers
• In densely cultivated areas of the field 12 kg
  per square metre
• In areas of the field with a lower concentration
  of plants 16 kg per square metre
• Average per square meter 14 kg

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Total Energy produced in a field

• Formula used
• area of field x average yield per
  square meter x energy released by 1 gram of G2
  groundnuts
• As this field (32000 m2)only produced the G2
  variety of groundnuts, the energy generated
  cannot be generalized to the other groundnuts.

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Energy content of field

• Calculation
• 32000 m2 x 4493.6 J/Kg x 14 Kg/m2
• 2013132800 J

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Analysis

• Large amount of energy generated in one field
• Different areas of the field have a similar pH
• The nitrate concentration of the field differs
  according to the type of soil
• Grows in an alkaline medium

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Environmental Systems

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Effects on the surroundings

• Environmental Systems Aim Investigate the impact
  of G11 hybrid groundnuts on the environment and
  the people of the village

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Method

• Location Padana Village
• Interviews of farmers and experts were taken

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Questions

• Why do they grow G11 hybrid groundnuts?
• What are the impacts of it on the soil?
• Does it cost more now of before?
• Do they make profits now of before?
• What are the environmental impacts of using
  hybrid groundnuts (G-11)?
• What fertilizers do you use?
• What is the gestation period?
• What is the area of the field?

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Results

• G-11hybrid groundnuts have higher yield and are
  more economically viable
• Does not affect the soil
• It costs more now
• Profits are increased now
• Does not effect the environment at all
• Gobar fertilizers are used
• 4 months gestation period
• 8 acres of land in the field

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Analysis

• G-11 hybrid groundnuts do not affect the soil of
  the environment.
• The hybrid does not affect the people
• The hybrid higher yield compared to G20 and G2

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Overall Conclusion Evaluation

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• Physics- the energy efficiency of the tractors
  and the water pumps are relatively low for their
  respective energy inputs.
• Chemistry the hybrid species of groundnuts
  cultivated release a larger amount of energy per
  gram as compared to the natural species.
• Biology the characteristics of the soil used to
  cultivate groundnuts reflects the current farming
  practices well, as the alkaline pH value leads to
  an extensive use of fertilisers.

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Group Members

• Shardul Chaturvedi (EVS)
• Hans Kapadia (Biology, Chemistry)
• Aditi Mody (Biology)
• Adwait Mane (Physics, Chemistry)
• Parth Doshi (Physics, Chemistry)
• Nikita Sehgal (Physics, Chemistry)
• Kahini Parekh (Chemistry)
• Anushka Suri (Chemistry)
• Jayesh Hariharan (Physics)
• Owais Gore (Physics)

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Acknowledgements

• Mr. Nishanth Nagavar
• Mr. Bipul Pande
• Mr. Narendra Shetty
• Mr. Briag Dupont
• Mr. Sharad Gulhane
• Mr. Abhimanyu Basu
• Mr. Gerard Coleman
• Mr. Conrad Mendonca