Solid, toxic and hazardous waste

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Solid, toxic and hazardous waste

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objectives

• Identify the major components of waste stream
• Explain the difference between dumps, sanitary
  landfill, modern secure landfills
• Understand what hazardous and toxic waste are and
  how we dispose of them
• Outline some ways we can destroy or permanently
  store hazardous waste.
• Evaluate the options for hazardous wastes
  management.

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Questions to answer

• What are solid waste and hazardous waste. What is
  the difference between them?
• Describe the difference between an open dump,
  sanitary landfill, and a modern secure hazardous
  waste disposal site.
• Describe some concern about waste incineration .
• Describe some ways that we can reduce the waste
  stream to avoid the disposal problem.
• What are brownfields?
• Why are landfill sites becoming limited.
• What is composting?
• List some benefits and draw backs of recycling
  wastes.

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SOLID WASTE

• Solid waste is generally made up of objects or
  particles that accumulate on the site where they
  are produced. Solid waste includes domestic,
  commercial, industrial, agriculture, and mining
  waste. Solid waste are primarily non toxic.
• HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTE
• Hazardous and toxic waste are injurious to both
  human health and environmental quality so it must
  be recycled or detoxified. Hazardous and toxic
  waste are fatal to humans and animals,
  carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic,
  ignitable ,corrosive and explosive.

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WASTE STREAM AND ITS COMPONENT

• The waste stream is a term that describe the
  steady flow of varied waste. It is the final
  resting place of toxic and non toxic wastes.
  Waste stream is the combination of organic
  material, food waste, junked car, worn out
  furniture, news paper, magazines, metal, glass,
  plastic food and beverage container, wood,
  concrete, bricks, spray paint can, pesticides,
  batteries, cleaning solvent, smoke detector, pcbs
  and plastic that produce dioxins. Waste stream is
  the source of valuable resource but due to
  improper disposal methods valuable things are
  mixed and crushed with the toxic material.

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• WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS

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OPEN DUMPS

• It release the hazardous and toxic material in
  to the air and water. Most developed countries
  forbid the open dumping but illegal dumping is
  still a problem. It is a dominant method of waste
  disposal in the developing countries.

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OCEAN DUMPING

• It is a chronic problem and it is nearly
  uncontrollable.

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LANDFILLS

• Historically it was a convenient and
  inexpensive waste disposal method but now a days
  it become less convenient and more expensive
  method. Rising land prices , shipping costs as
  well as increasingly demanding landfill
  construction and maintenance requirements are
  making this a more expensive method.

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SANITARY LANDFILLS

• In the sanitary landfill waste disposal is
  regulated and controlled and refuse is covered
  with a layer of dirt .An impermeable clay or
  plastic lining underlies to prevent the seepage
  of toxic material in to the ground water.

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SECURE LANDFILLS

• The first line of defense in the secure land
  fills is the compacted clay layer in the bottom
  which is impermeable to the ground water and
  safely contain the waste. A layer of gravel is
  spread over the clay liner and perforated drains
  pipes are laid in a grid to collect any seepage
  that escape.

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EXPORTING WASTE

• Industrialized nations in the world export the
  hazardous and toxic waste to the less develop
  countries . Although the industrialized nation
  agreed to stop shipping hazardous and toxic waste
  to the less develop country but the practice
  still continued .

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INCINERATION

• It is a type of waste disposal method in which
  hazardous and toxic waste is burnt this
  technology is also known as energy recovery or
  conversion of waste into energy the steam
  generated in incineration process is converted
  into electrical energy.

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Types of incinerator

• Refuse derived fuel In this process refuse
  is sorted and burnable and unburnable material
  are separated from each other before combustion.
• Mass burn In this process each and every
  thing is burnt present in the waste stream.

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CONCERN ABOUT INCINERATION PROCESS

• The incinerator ash contain high level of
  dioxin, lead ,cadmium and other toxic material
  which is threat for environmental contamination.
  Incineration process produces energy but also
  causes pollution.

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• Shrinking the waste stream

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RECYCLING

• It is the re processing of discarded
  materials into the new useful products in some
  recycling process reuse the material for the same
  purpose but some recycling process turn old
  material into entirely new products .

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Benefits of recycling

• It save money, energy, raw material and land
  space while also reducing pollution . It
  encourage the individual awareness and
  responsibility for the refuse produce it also
  reduces the volume of waste stream and litter. it
  also reduces our demand for raw resources .
• Drawbacks of recycling
• Contamination is the problem associated with
  the recycling . A principle obstacle to the
  recycling is weak or unstable markets for
  recycled plastic, paper, and other materials .

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COMPOSTING

• It is a large scale recycling which allow
  aerobic decomposition of the organic debris and
  converted into a nutrient rich soil amendment .
  Compost is a useful material but its market
  value is low.

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DEMANUFACTURING

• It is an additional strategy to reduce the
  waste stream.It is necessary for the appliances
  and electronic waste such as TV sets , computers,
  refrigerators, air conditioners, cell phones,
  printers. Demanufacturing is a key to reducing
  the environmental cost of electronic waste and
  appliances .

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Reusing

• Reusing is more efficient than recycling and
  it is the reuse of materials in their present
  form it also save the cost and energy of remaking
  the reusable refillable bottle is the most
  efficient beverage container we have . This is
  better for the environment than remelting and
  more profitable for the local community.

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superfund

• It is a revolving fund to finance the cleanup
  of some of our worst hazardous waste sites . The
  superfund was established by the comprehensive
  environmental response , compensation , and
  liability act (CERCLA) of 1980 . Many sites on
  the superfund's national priority list are
  abandoned factories or dumps without this fund ,
  sites would languish for years or decades while
  the courts decided who was responsible to pay for
  the cleanup . This fund was financed by taxes on
  producers of toxic and hazardous waste .
  Industries opposed this tax because the current
  manufacturers are not responsible for the
  original contamination . In 1995 the congress
  agreed to lead the tax expire .

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Brownfield

• It is the large area of contaminated
  properties that have been abandoned or not being
  used up to their potential because of suspected
  pollution . For years no one was interested in
  redeveloping the brownfields because of liability
  risk . It present both liability and opportunity.
  Who would buy a property knowing that they might
  be forced to spend years in litigation and
  negotiation and be forced to pay millions of
  dollars for the pollution they did not create .
  Even if a site has been cleaned to the current
  standard there is worry that the additional
  pollution might be found in the future . Some
  experts recommended that the best solution is to
  simply cover the surface with clean soil and
  enclosed the property with fence to keep the
  people out . The reusing contaminated properties
  can play a significant role in rebuilding old
  cities and creating jobs and preventing the
  needless destruction of open space .

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Processing of hazardous waste

• Hazardous waste must be processed . We can
  reduce the waste generation in our home by
  choosing less toxic materials. buy only those
  things which we need.
• PRODUCE LESS WASTE
• The safest and least expensive way to avoid
  the hazardous waste problem is to avoid creating
  the waste in the first place . Manufacturing
  process can be modified to reduce or eliminate
  the waste production . Recycling and reusing also
  eliminate the pollution and hazardous waste .
  Many waste products of one process or industry
  are valuable commodity in another.

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CONVERT TO LESS HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

• There are several process available to
  convert the hazardous substances to less toxic
  substances Physical treatment isolate the
  substance. charcoal absorb toxin. Distillation
  separate the hazardous component from the aqueous
  solution . Precipitation and immobilization in
  ceramics , glass , or cement isolate toxin from
  the environment so that they become essentially
  non hazardous . One of the few ways to dispose of
  metal and radioactive material is to fuse them in
  silica at high temperature to make a stable and
  permeable glass that is suitable for long term
  storage . Incineration is a quick way to dispose
  of many kinds of hazardous waste . Chemical
  processing transform the material into non toxic
  form . Chemical processing include neutralization
  , removal of metal or halogen and oxidation .
  Biological processing include bioremediation ,
  phytoremediation and biodegradation etc.

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• Store permanently
• There are various materials that can not be
  destroyed completely . We have to store them
  properly . There are various methods to store the
  waste material .
• Retrievable storage
• Retrievable storage mean placing the waste
  storage container in a secure building, salt
  mine, or bed rock cavern where they can be
  inspected periodically and retrieved .

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Toxic substances in our home

• Bug spray
• Weed killers
• Insect poison
• Mercury thermometers
• Nickel cadmium batteries
• Paints with lead or mercury
• Hair spray
• Gasoline fuel oil and brake fluid
• Furniture polish
• Metal cleaner
• Paint thinner
• Glue with solvent
• Nail polish remover
• Fertilizers
• Glass cleaner

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Alternatives to hazardous house hold chemicals

• Chrome cleaner use vinegar
• Copper cleaner lemon juice
• Furniture polish rub in olive
• Ceramic tile cleaner baking soda
• Pest control soap and water
  solution

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• THANKS