Body fluids

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Body fluids

• Body contains many fluids differ in composition
  to meet their functions .The most important body
  fluids are blood ,urine, milk, semen,
  cerebrospinal fluids , aqueous homour ,sweat ,
  tear, lymph , amniotic fluids, synovial
  fluids,pericardial and peritoneal fluids.

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Blood

• Blood is a liquid consisted of a yellowish fluid
  called plasma in which red and white blood cells
  and platelets are suspended.
• The blood cells are clotted(coagulated),the
  remaining liquid is called serum.Thus, serum is
  plasma without clotting factors.
  
  

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Functions of the blood

• Respiration
• Nutrition
• Excretion
• Maintenance of normal acid base balance.
• Defence
• Hormones
• Coagulation

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Plasma

• Water 90
• Solids 10
• organic constituents proteins, lipids,
  carbohydrates , hormones, enzymes,
• Ketone bodies , and other organic compounds.
• Inorganic compounds Na, K Ca,Cl,and CO2.

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Clinical significance of plasma proteins

• Normal serum total protein 6-8gm
• Albimin 3.5-5.0gm
• Globulin 1.8-3.4gm
• Fibrinogen 200-400mgs

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Albumin

• Maintain colloidal osmotic pressure.
• Control body water distribution.
• Acts as transport agent for wide variety of
  substance.drugs ,fatty acids, corticol, histamine.

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Cont.

• When plasma albumin concentration falls lt2.5gm
  odema occurs.
• Disorders of albumin
• Analbumenemiaabsence of albumin.(homozygotes)
• Site liver
• Decreased in hepatocellular failure
• normal plasma 10-40 mgs

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Function of the plasma proteins

• Transport functions
• Synthesis of plasma proteins
• Albumin /globulin ration

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Urine

• volume
• Normally 800-2000 ml/day
• During sleep ½ the amount formed during the day.
• polyuria excretion more than 2000ml/day
• 1. high intake of fliud
• 2. diabetes patients.

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Cont.

• Oliguria less than 500 ml/day
• anuria less than 125ml/day
• Pathological oliguria or anuira as in urinary
  obstructions (by stone or tumour,)excessive
  vomiting and diarrhoea or due to shock and
  hemorrage.

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Ketone bodies(kenuria)

• Normally less than 18mg of ketone bodies are
  excreted per day .
• Ketonuria is the presence of ketone bodies in the
  urine in abnormal concentrations.
• Ketonuria may occur in any conditions where
  carbohydrate utilization is impaired e.g
  starvation,carbohydrate poor diet.

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Blood (hematuria)

• It is the presence of blood or intact red cells
  in urine
• It is caused by urinary bilharziasis ,
  glomerulonephritis, traumatic or malignant
  disease.

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Bilirubin

• The presence of bilirubin in the urine occurs in
  obstructive jaundice and hepatocellular jaundice.
• It gives the urine a dark greenish brown colour.

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Urinary stone(calculi)

• 10 adult male urinary stones suffer form .
• Urinary stones are almost composed of substance
  normally excreted in the urine .These substances
  for unknown cause are supersaturated
  ,precipitated and form crystals. The crystals are
  then bound together by a binding substance
  forming stones.

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Chemical composition

• Calcium oxalate(common in India)
• Calcium phophate
• Calcium carbonate
• Magnesium ammonium phosphate
• Less commonly
• Uric acid 4 -10
• Cystine stone less than 1

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Causes of urinary calculi

• Change in pH
• Distribution of vitamins
• Disturbance of hormones
• excess excretion of uric acid

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Milk

• Secretion of mammary gland in humans and animals.
• Colour whitefat globules calcium phosphate
• pH 6-6.7
• Milk protein1.2g/dl
• Milk carbohydrate lactose 7.0gm/dl
• Milk fat3.7g/dl

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Cont.

• Milk minerals
• Irons
• Calcium and phosphorus
• Sodium and potassium
• Milk vitamins A and B2 .. Poor in Vit C ,D and K

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Colostrum

• Yellowish fluid secreted in first weel of
  lactation.
• Excess carotenes
• Rich in globulins
• Less fat and less carbohydrates

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Semen (seminal fluid)

• Milky mixture of spermatogenesis and secretion of
  epididymis seminal vesicles and prostrate.
• 60 -120 millions/ml
• Sperm count below 10 millions is called
  oligospermia.
• Absence of sperms is called azospermia.

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Cont.

• Shape 80 normal ,20 abnormal
• Motilityspeed of sperm movement is 3 mm/min .It
  can reach the oviduct within 30-60 min after
  copulation .The average percentage of ac active
  motile spermatozoa is 70-90 in the first hour .
  The lower limit of normal is 40 motile.

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Constituents of seminal fluids

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• minerals

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Cerebrospinal fluids

• CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses of brain
  ventricles.
• It fills the ventricle system of the brain and
  the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and
  the spinal cord.

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function

• To protect brain and spinal cord form mechanical
  injury caused by sudden movement of the body.
• To maintain a constaant pressure inside the head
  and arround the spinal cord.
• To carry nutrients to the brain and spinal cord
  and remove waste substance.

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Sweat and tears

• These are hypotonic solutions containing mainly
  NA and Cl-.
• It also contain urea and K
• Lysozyme ,and enzyme that has an antibacterial
  action , present ion sweat and tear.

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Lymph

• Lymph is an interstitial fluid which has passed
  into the lymph vessels .It is formed by the
  filtration of plasma through the capillary
  walls.
• Composition less proteins than plasma

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Amniotic fluid

• It is fluid contain inside the aminotic sac in
  which embryo is free to move and protected
  against mechanical injury.
• Vol. 450-1500ml

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Synovial fluid

• Present in joints cavities and tendon spaces
• Contain high of hyaluronic acid

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Functions

• Minimise the friction between during bones
  movement or weight bearing
• Provides nutrition for cartilage.
• 0.15-3.5ml

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Pleural,pericardial and peritonial fluids

• Less than 20 ml in pleural cavity from 20 -50ml
  in pericardial sac,and less than 100 ml in
  peritoneal cavity.
• To lubricate the pariental and visceral tissues
  during organ movements