Introduction to Earth Science

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Introduction to Earth Science

• Prologue

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• INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE
• Earth science- -study of Earths systems
• Includes
• Meteorology
• Astronomy
• Geology
• Oceanography

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• Presentation Outline
• What is Earth Science
• Observations vs. Inference
• Metric Measurements
• Scientific Notation
• Percent Error
• Density
• Graphing
• Rate of Change

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• OBSERVATION-
• -Uses the 5 senses to gather information
• -We use INSTRUMENTS to extend the senses

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What are some instruments that you have used in
science?
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• OBSERVATION-
• -Use senses for information
• -We use INSTRUMENTS to extend the senses
• INFERENCE-
• -make a conclusion (guess)
• -making sense of observations

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• What do you see and what do you think will happen?

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• What do you see and where do you think this photo
  was taken?

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• Come up with an observation and an inference
  based on this photo

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• Come up with an observation and an inference
  based on these photos

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Metric MeasurementsWhat is approximately 3,000
mm?

• The height of the classroom.
• About 10 feet equals about 3 m or 3,000 mm

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Using the ESRT

• Page 1? Metric Ruler
• Metric based on meters as unit
• In your notes order the units from largest to
  smallest.
• Meter
• Kilometer
• Millimeter
• Centimeter

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Conversions

• 1 km 1000 m
• 1 m ? cm
• 1 cm ? mm
• ? cm 1 mm

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More Metric and Units
Kittens Kilometer 1000 m
Have Hectometer 100 m
Dirty Decamater 10 m
Mouths Meter 1 m
From
Drinking Decimeter 0.1 m
Chocolate Centimeter .01 m
Milk Millimeter .001 m
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Units

• Mass ? grams (g)
• 1000 g 1 kg 1 kg ? g
• Volume ? milliliters (ml) for liquids
• Cubic centimeters (cm3) for solids
• 1000 ml ?
• Density? mass /volume ? units ?

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Scientific Notation

• Scientific Notation A number written as the
  product of a coefficient between 1 and 10 and a
  power of 10. 
• U238 half life 4.5 x 109 years
• Diameter of an atom 2.44 x 10-10 m
•  

4,500,000,000 years
0.00000000024 m
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• Practice
• 3.5 x 103 ______________
• 8.6 x 105 _______________
• 7.4 x 102 _______________

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• 80,000 8 x 104
• 520,000,000
• 42,000,000,000,000

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Age of Earth

• 4,600,000,000 years
• Step 1 Write this number in scientific notation
• 4.6 x109 years
• Step 2 Write this in of years (text)
• 4.6 Billion Years

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Scientific Notation on the ESRT
PAGE 1
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PERCENT ERROR- -how wrong you are
?
Accepted value correct answer Measured value
your guess

• Temperature?

Accepted value -
measured value PCT ERROR --------------------
-------------------------- x 100
accepted value
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How many Jelly Beans do you think there are in
the jar. Measure with your eyesThere are
__________ jellybeans.
Accepted value -
measured value PCT ERROR --------------------
-------------------------- x 100
accepted value
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• Practice
• A student measures a table to be 1.9m long. In
  reality it is 2.0m long. What is the percent
  error of the student?
• 2.0 1.9 X 100 5
• 2.0

A student measures a room to be 6.9m. If
the actual length is 7.5m, the students percent
error is? 7.5 6.9 X 100 8 7.5
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Density

• Density a mass/volume ratio that does not depend
  on size or shape
• length 10 cm
• width 2 cm
• height 4 cm
• Volume ?
• Density mass/volume
• Density ?

Mass 240 grams
10 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm 80 cm3
240 g / 80 cm3 3 g/cm3
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What if?

• If we cut the block into several smaller pieces,
  what would the density of each piece be compared
  to the original blocks density?
• (1) Less
• (2) Greater
• (3) Equal
• (3) EQUAL

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Practice

• A student determines the mass of a rock to be 196
  grams, but the actual mass of the rock is 200
  grams. The students approximate percent
  deviation (percentage of error) is
• 1.0
• 2.0
• 1.5
• 4.0

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Density, Temperature, and Volume

• What happens to the air inside the balloon as we
  heat it?
• What happens to the volume? What happens to the
  density?
• What if we cool the air?
• Draw a graph that represents this relationship.

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More Density Notes
240 grams

• What happens to the density of this box if you
  increase the size/volume from 80 cm3 to 100 cm3?
  
• If you increase the size of the box/the volume
  increases (and mass stays the same)? density
  decreases.
• You are dividing the mass by a larger number,
  thus density will decrease.
• Ex. 240 grams/100 cm3 2.4 g/cm3

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Density versus Volume

• Density
• Volume
• As volume increases (when mass is constant),
  density decreases.
• Volume Density
• INVERSE RELATIONSHIP

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What if you decrease volume?

• If I compress an object, what happens to its
  density?

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Which is more dense?
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Which is more dense?
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Which is more dense?
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Which is more dense?
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• Average densities
• -water 1 g/cm3 at 4o C
• below 4oC the density of water decreases.
  Above 4oC, the density of water increases
• -Ice 0.5 g/cm3
• -Earth 5.5 g/cm3
• -Saturn 0.7 g/cm3
• -human ?

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Grasping Graphing

• Graph Visual display of information or data
• A way to organize and arrange data to be easily
  understood
• 3 main graphs (used in science) are bar, line,
  pie

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Parts of a Graph

• Independent variable x axis
• Ex. Time- causes change in the dependent variable
• Dependent Variable y axis
• Ex. Temperature- this experiences the result of
  (or depends on) the independent variable
• Title compares the dependent variable to the
  independent (y versus x)

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LINE GRAPHS

• Data changes due to a relationship
• Ex. temperature changes over time
• Average Daily Temperature for January 1-7 in
  Degrees Fahrenheit
• Date Temperature (F)
• 1 10
• 2 25
• 3 30
• 4 42
• 5 23
• 6 25
• 7 40

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BAR GRAPHS

• Compare information collected by counting
• Favorite Student After School Activity
• Activity Number
• Visit W/Friends 175
• Talk on Phone 168
• Play Sports 120
• Earn Money 120
• Use Computers 65

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PIE CHART/CIRCLE GRAPH

• Slices represent percentages of the total

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Graph Relationships

• Direct as x increases, y increases
• Indirect as x increases, y decreases 
• Constant as x increases, y stays the same
• Cyclic it repeats in a predictable pattern
• Example the tides due to moons gravity
• Example temperature vs. time of day (see sheet)
•  

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• Types of graphs
• -line graphs
• direct indirect or inverse cyclic
• relationship relationship
  relationship

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Rate of Change

• Rate of Change the amount of change in a field
  that occurs over time
• R.O.C change / time
• Example 6 am temp 55 F
• 2 pm temp 82 F
• Change in temp 82-55 27 F
• Change in time 8 hours
• Rate of change 3.4 F/ hour

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Rate of Change

• What is the rate of change here?

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• example
• From 300 pm to 600 pm the air temperature
  falls from 85oF to 79oF. What is the rate of
  change for temperature during this time?
• Rate of change
• In 60 years, the shoreline at Rye Beach has
  shrunk by 30 inches. What is the rate of change
  for the shoreline?
• Rate of Change

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• Presentation Conclusion
• What is Earth Science
• Observations vs. Inference
• Metric Measurements
• Scientific Notation
• Percent Error
• Density
• Graphing
• Rate of Change