Refuelling

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Refuelling
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Small vessel fuel systems

• Components
• Tank (Day, wing, portable)
• Pick up line, Cut off, Primary Filter, Water
  seperator
• Filler pipe, Sight glass
• Filler cap, sounding pipe cap
• Inspection plate, Baffles
• Fuel return line
• Vent, Spark arrester gauze
• Earth, drain plug
• Sounding pipe, striker plate, dipstick

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Fuel System Components
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Tank Volume

• Trapezoidal Tank
• Volume Length x (Width top width bottom) / 2
  x Height
• Cylindrical Tank
• Volume Length x 3.14.17 x Radius²
• Triangular Tank
• Volume Length x Width x Height / 2
• More complex shapes break the shape down into
  sections with regular shapes then use above
  formulae

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Tank Volume

• Never fill to the top. Always allow at least 5
  for expansion
• Density of diesel fuel is about 0.8 tons per m³
• 1 cubic metre 1,000 litres

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How much is in the tank?

• Methods to measure fuel level include-
• Dipstick
• Sight glass
• Electronic Gauge
• Pressure Gauge
• Sounding line
• Where the horizontal profile of the tank changes
  with depth, calibration of the equipment or
  calculation will be required to determine the
  volume of fuel in the tank.
• The vessels stability book may provide tables to
  assist with the calculation

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How much fuel is on board?

• Sound each fuel tank
• For each tank calculate fuel remaining using
  tables if required.
• Add up each tank
• Fill tanks in sequence per stability requirements

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Glossary

• Flash Point
• The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives
  off sufficient gas to forma flammable gas mixture
  near the surface of the liquid.
• Self ignition point. Auto-ignition
• The temperature at which a liquid/gas ignites
  without ignition by a spark or flame
• Flammable Range
• The range of hydrocarbon gas concentrations in
  air between the lower and upper flammable
  (explosive) limits. Mixtures within this range
  are capable of being ignited and of burning.

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Physical Properties of Fuel

• Diesel
• Flash point 72C to 80C
• Specific Gravity 0.8
• Self ignition point 350C
• Flammable Range ?? to ??
• Petrol
• Flash point -40C
• Specific Gravity 0.??
• Self ignition point 390C
• Flammable Range 1.4 to 7.6

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Causes of explosions

• Ignition while refuelling
• Smoking, radio transmission, static (filler not
  earthed)
• Overfilling - Fuel in bilges
• Leaks, cracks splits in fuel lines (HMAS
  Westralia, Jetcats)
• Poor ventilation
• Hot work

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Hazards and Controls

• Fire Explosion
• Remove ignition sources. Take precautions
  against static electricity
• Ventilate
• Have fire fighting equipment ready
• Spillage
• Monitor tank levels, breathers and filler
• Plug scuppers etc.
• Have spill control equipment ready
• Skin and Eye irritation
• Wear PPE eye/face, gloves, overalls, boots

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Planning

• Procedures and checklists ready
• MSDS and SMS reviewed
• Crew trained
• Remaining capacity in each tank known and
  stability info available
• Spill control, fire control and personal
  equipment ready
• Bookings and notifications made
• Communication ready and tested

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Refuelling Procedure Plan

• Notify authorities if required
• Ensure vessel securely moored
• Locate emergency shut off
• Stop engines and machinery
• Shut off all sources of ignition (LPR,
  Electrical, Radio, Mobile phones, Hot Work etc)
• Eliminate smoking and naked flames
• Set safety zone and place signage
• Display Code flag B
• Foam or dry chemical extinguishers ready

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ULP MSDS
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Marine Diesel MSDS
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Refuelling Procedure Prepare

• Close and tag tank transfer valves
• Seal off scuppers etc. to contain any spill.
  Buckets under breathers.
• All personnel ashore and ship closed up
• Pollution prevention equipment (Absorbents) ready
• Inspect lines and pipes for leaks

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Refuelling Procedure - Perform

• Check tank correct dont put ULP in Diesel tank
  or Diesel in the water tank
• Earth filler
• Ensure filling point, tank gauges and shut off
  attended at all times
• Monitor tank levels
• Container ready to catch spillage
• Clean up and render safe
• Ventilate all lower compartments and engine room
• Add anti-biological additive per instruction
• Check bilge before starting engine
• Check required tank transfer valves and fuel
  cocks open

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NSCV part E

• The refuelling procedure should address the
  following
• a) Person in charge.
• b) Communications procedures from fuel deliverer
  to the vessel.
• c) Testing of communication procedures prior to
  fuelling.
• d) Precautions to prevent spillage of fuel
  overboard.
• e) Emergency shut down procedures for the
  fuelling
• f) Testing of emergency shut down procedures
  prior to fuelling.
• g) Monitoring of fuel hoses and fuel tank levels
  during fuelling.
• h) Clean-up procedures for fuel spilled on deck.
• i) Measurement and recording of fuel in tanks
  before and after taking on fuel.
• j) Essential safety rules such as no smoking is
  permitted on the vessel or in its immediate
  vicinity during bunkering.

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NSCV part E

• k) Identify and observe safety requirements of
  the port/harbour authority, the fuel supplier and
  or berth operator.
• l) Procedures in the event of spillage. These
  could include
• i) Stop the flow of fuel or pollution to the sea.
• ii) Inform personnel and vessels in the immediate
  vicinity that a spill has occurred and a fire
  hazard may exist.
• iii) Establish a zone wherein a fire watch can be
  maintained and fire-igniting activities
  prevented.
• iv) Inform the harbour authority and or berth
  operator to enable them to initiate the
  appropriate response.
• v) Minimise the effect and spread of the
  spillage.
• vi) Dispersants should not be used without the
  permission of the harbour authority.
• vii) Record all spillage, and the action taken
  with their times.

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Conditions Change- What now?

• Communication break down stop refuelling
• Wash from other vessels postpone refuelling
• Noise from breather changes stop refuelling
• Fuel discharge from breather stop refuelling
  commence spill response
• Filler cuts out before expected check
  calculations while waiting for any air block to
  clear

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Fuel Spill response

• Position yourself upwind of spill or containers.
• Leave the area if you are aware of leaks, stains,
  vapour, odour, etc.
• Do not smoke or allow others to smoke near the
  spill or containers.
• Contain spill and distribute absorbents
• Ring the relevant NSW Port Corporation

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Internal inspection of fuel tank

• Enclosed space procedure
• Gas free preparation

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Enclosed space escape procedure

• NSCV Part E
• procedure should address the following
• a) Identify spaces that could be considered
  .enclosed. both in operational and maintenance
  conditions and during periods where the vessel
  may have been laid up.
• b) Identify and address hazards with fumes and/or
  explosions from working with paint, chemicals,
  cleaners etc below deck.
• c) Approval process for entry into enclosed
  spaces.
• d) Safety precautions required in enclosed
  spaces.
• e) Provision of appropriate safety equipment.
• f) Appropriate supervision at all stages and
  particularly when persons are in the enclosed
  space.
• g) Training so that the crew are aware of the
  identity of enclosed spaces, dangers of enclosed
  spaces, precautions and approvals before
  entering, procedures for entering and working in
  those spaces and rescue techniques.
• h) Training in rescue situations with and without
  external medical and rescue back up.

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Impact on stability

• Loading fuel to tanks below the centre of gravity
  may improve stability
• Loading fuel to tanks above the centre of gravity
  may reduce stability
• Unloading fuel from tanks below the centre of
  gravity may reduce stability
• Unloading fuel from tanks above the centre of
  gravity may improve stability
• Loading fuel to press up a tank and reduce free
  surface effect may improve stability.

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Safety Equipment

• PPE
• Eye/Face protection, Gloves, Boots, overalls
• Fire extinguishers and hoses
• Plugs for scuppers
• Tags
• Checklists
• Absorbents and containers
• Rags and containers
• Communication equipment

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Checklists and Training

• Planning and Preparation
• Crew and shore personnel functions during
  refuelling evolution
• Refuelling Checklist agreed with shore
  personnel
• Post refuelling checklist
• Spill response procedure

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Communication

• Clear unambiguous signals and phrases for each
  step
• Pumps on
• Pump
• Stop
• Emergency stop and pumps off
• Test communication prior to commencement of
  transfer

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Spill Response Equipment

• PPE
• Rags and buckets
• Absorbent pads
• Bulk absorbent
• Booms
• Skimmers
• Incident report forms

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Safety Boundary

• Larger the vessel larger the exclusion area
• Tankers say 400m
• Marina say 50m
• Absolutely no ignition sources within safety
  boundary this means no smoking, lighters, no
  mobile phones no radios, no fans etc.

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Spill Response

• Emergency Stop valves and pumps
• Notify everyone in the safety zone
• Close safety zone
• Take fire precautions
• Notify authorities (Harbour Control)
• Contain and clean up
• Do not use dispersants unless advised by
  authorities

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Training Record

• New crew
• New master
• New shore facility
• New vessel for transfer
• Regular drills

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Regulations Pollution Prevention

• International Standard MARPOL
• Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plans
• Federal - Protection of the Sea (Prevention of
  Pollution from Ships) (Orders) Regulations
• Federal Marine Orders Part 91
• NSW - Marine Pollution Act 1987
• NSW Passenger Transport Safety Act
• Safety Management System

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Regulations Spill Response

• International Convention on Oil Pollution
  Preparedness, Response and Co-operation 1990
  (OPRC 90)
• International Convention on the Establishment of
  an International Fund for Compensation for Oil
  Pollution Damage 1992
• The International Convention on Civil Liability
  for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001

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Refuelling fuel transfer for a 10 35m
commercial vessel

• Plan
• Prepare
• Perform

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Refuelling Procedure Plan

• Notify authorities if required
• Ensure vessel securely moored
• Locate emergency shut off
• Stop engines and machinery
• Shut off all sources of ignition (LPR,
  Electrical, Radio, Mobile phones, Hot Work etc)
• Eliminate smoking and naked flames
• Set safety zone and place signage
• Display Code flag B
• Foam or dry chemical extinguishers ready

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Refuelling Procedure Prepare

• Close and tag tank transfer valves
• Seal off scuppers etc. to contain any spill.
  Buckets under breathers.
• All personnel ashore and ship closed up
• Pollution prevention equipment (Absorbents) ready
• Inspect lines and pipes for leaks

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Refuelling Procedure - Perform

• Earth filler
• Ensure filling point, tank gauges and shut off
  attended at all times
• Monitor tank levels
• Container ready to catch spillage
• Clean up and render safe
• Ventilate all lower compartments and engine room
• Check bilge before starting engine
• Check required tank transfer valves and fuel
  cocks open

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Spill Response

• Emergency Stop valves and pumps
• Notify everyone in the safety zone
• Close safety zone
• Take fire precautions
• Notify authorities (Harbour Control)
• Contain and clean up
• Do not use dispersants unless advised by
  authorities

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Fire Response

• Emergency Stop valves and pumps
• Raise alarm
• Size up
• Notify authorities (Harbour Control, Mayday, 000)
• Contain and extinguish (foam, dry chemical)
• Isolate high voltage before using hoses on spray
• Mop up
• Report