Management 11e John Schermerhorn

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Management 11e John Schermerhorn

• Chapter 14Individual Behavior

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Planning Ahead Chapter 14 Study Questions

1. How do perceptions influence individual behavior?
2. What should we know about personalities in the
   workplace?
3. How do attitudes influence individual behavior?
4. What are the dynamics of emotions, moods, and
   stress?

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Study Question 1 How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?

• Basic background on work
• Work can be a turn-on or a turn-off
• People may work under conditions that dont
  provide satisfaction ? but this it doesnt have
  to be this way
• Valuing people and creating jobs and work
  environments that respect peoples needs and
  potential will benefit everyone

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Study Question 1 How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?

• Perception
• The process through which people receive,
  organize and interpret information from the
  environment
• People can perceive the same things or situations
  differently
• People behave on the basis of their perceptions
• Psychological contract
• Person-job fit begins here
• A set of expectations held by an individual about
  what will be given and received in the employment
  relationship
• An ideal work situation is one with a fair
  psychological contract
• Balance of contributions and inducements

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Figure 14.1 Components in the psychological
contract
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Study Question 1 How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?

• Perception and attribution
• Attribution
• The process of developing explanations for events
  
• Fundamental attribution error
• Occurs when observers blame anothers performance
  failures or problems on internal factors rather
  than external factors
• Perception and attribution
• Self-serving bias
• Occurs because individuals blame their personal
  performance failures or problems on external
  factors and attribute their successes to internal
  factors

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Study Question 1 How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?

• Perceptual tendencies and distortions
• Stereotypes
• Occur when attributes commonly associated with a
  group are assigned to an individual
• Racial and ethnic. Gender. Ability. Age. Others?
• Perceptual tendencies and distortions
• Halo effects
• Occur when one attribute is used to develop an
  overall impression of a person or situation

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Study Question 1 How do perceptions influence
individual behavior?

• Perceptual tendencies and distortions
• Selective perception
• The tendency to define problems from ones own
  point of view
• Projection
• The assignment of personal attributes to other
  individuals
• Perceptual tendencies and distortions
• Impression management
• The systematic attempt to influence how others
  perceive us
• dress to convey positive appeal
• flatter others to generate positive feelings
• when conversing, make eye contact and smile
• display a high level of energy

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Study Question 2 What should we know about
personalities in the workplace?

• Personality
• The combination or overall profile of
  characteristics that makes one person unique from
  others
• Big Five personality traits
• Extroversion
• Being outgoing, sociable, and assertive
• Agreeableness
• Being good-natured, cooperative, and trusting
• Conscientiousness
• Being responsible, dependable, and careful
• Emotional stability
• Being relaxed, secure, and unworried
• Openness
• Being curious, receptive to new things, and open
  to change

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Study Question 2 What should we know about
personalities in the workplace?
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Study Question 2 What should we know about
personalities in the workplace?

• Other personality traits that affect work
  behavior
• Locus of control The extent to which one
  believes that what happens to them is within
  ones control
• Authoritarianism The degree to which a person
  defers to authority and accepts status
  differences
• Machiavellianism The extent to which someone is
  emotionally detached and manipulative in using
  power
• Other personality traits that affect work
  behavior
• Self-monitoring The degree to which someone is
  able to adjust and eand modify behavior in
  response to the situation xternal factors
• Type A personality Orientation toward extreme
  achievement, impatience and perfectionism

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Study Question 3 How do attitudes influence
individual behavior?

• Attitude
• A predisposition to act in a certain way toward
  people and things in ones environment
• Components of attitudes
• Cognitive component
• Affective or emotional component
• Behavioral component
• Cognitive dissonance
• The discomfort a person feels when attitudes and
  behavior are inconsistent
• Components of attitudes
• Cognitive component
• Affective or emotional component
• Behavioral component

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Study Question 3 How do attitudes influence
individual behavior?

• Job satisfaction
• The degree to which an individual feels
  positively or negatively about various aspects of
  work
• Common aspects of job satisfaction
• Work itself. Quality of supervision. Coworkers.
  Opportunities. Pay. Work conditions. Security.
• There is a strong and positive relationship
  between satisfaction and absenteeism and turnover
  

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Study Question 3 How do attitudes influence
individual behavior?

• Satisfaction-related concepts having quality of
  work life implications

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Study Question 3 How do attitudes influence
individual behavior?

• Job performance
• The quantity and quality of task accomplishments
  by an individual or group at work.
• Is there a relationship between job satisfaction
  and performance?
• Are satisfied workers more productive?
• Are productive workers more satisfied?
• Do rewards for productivity create satisfaction,
  influencing future performance?

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Study Question 3 How do attitudes influence
individual behavior?

• Emotions
• Strong feelings directed toward someone or
  something
• Emotional intelligence
• Ability to understand emotions and manage
  relationships
• Moods
• Generalized positive and negative feelings or
  states of mind
• Mood contagion
• Spillover of ones positive or negative moods
  onto others

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Study Question 4 What are the dynamics of stress
and stress management?

• Stress
• A state of tension experienced by individuals
  facing extraordinary demands, constraints, or
  opportunities
• Stressors
• Things that cause stress
• Originate in work, personal, and nonwork
  situations
• Have the potential to influence work attitudes,
  behavior, job performance, and health
• Work factors as potential stressors Includes
• Excessively high or low task demands
• Role conflicts or ambiguities
• Poor interpersonal relationships
• Too slow or too fast career progress
• Work-related stress syndromes Set up to fail ,
  Mistaken identity

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Study Question 4 What are the dynamics of stress
and stress management?

• Personal factors as potential stressors
• Includes needs, capabilities, and personality
• Stressful behavior patterns of the Type A
  personality
• Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly
• Acting impatient, hurrying others, disliking
  waiting
• Doing, or trying to do, several things at once
• Feeling guilty when relaxing
• Trying to schedule more in less time
• Using nervous gestures such as a clenched fist
• Hurrying or interrupting the speech of others

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Study Question 4 What are the dynamics of stress
and stress management?

• Nonwork factors as potential stressors
• Includes
• Family events
• Economics
• Personal affairs
• Spill-over effect on the stress an individual
  experiences at work
• Consequences of stress
• Constructive stress
• Acts as a positive influence
• Can be energizing and performance enhancing

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Figure 14.3 Potential negative consequences of a
destructive job stress-burnout cycle
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Study Question 4 What are the dynamics of stress
and stress management?

• Destructive stress
• Impairs performance
• Breaks down a persons physical and mental
  systems
• Can lead to job burnout and/or workplace rage
• Personal wellness
• The pursuit of personal and mental potential
  though a personal health-promotion program
• A form of preventative stress management
• Enables people to be better prepared to deal with
  stress