Histology

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Histology
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Types of Tissues
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• Body Tissues

• Cells are specialized for particular functions
• ________
• Groups of cells with similar structure and
  function
• Extracellular Matrix
• ______ _______ between cells
• Histology
• study of ___________

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• Body Tissues

• Four primary types (functional categories)
• _____________
• protection /secretion /absorption/ filtration
• _____________
• support structure
• _____________
• communication control
• _____________
• movement (internal external)

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Primary Germ Layers
_______________ (Epithelial) _____________________ (Epithelial, Muscle, Connective) ___________________ (Epithelial, Nervous)
Digestive respiratory epithelium Muscles Epidermis
Urethra epithelium Skeleton (bones cartilage) Lining of mouth, anus, nostrils
Bladder Blood Sweat sebaceous glands
Liver pancreas Blood vessel epithelium Hair
Dermis Brain spinal cord
Excretory reproductive organs Eyes, nose, ear epithelium
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EPITHELIAL TISSUES
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Epithelial Functions

• Protection
• Sensory
• Secretion
• Absorption
• Excretion

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• Epithelium Characteristics

• High _________________
• cells fit closely together
• very little EC matrix
• Contains specialized ____________
• tight junctions desmosomes
• Avascular
• no __________ _____________ within it
• diffusion provides nutrients carries waste away
  
• lots of nerve fibers
• Reinforcement connection
• Defines __________________
• cancer causes a breach in these boundaries
• ____________________ easily if well nourished
• Found in areas of high _______________

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• Classification of
• Epithelium

• Combination of shape of cells is used to name
  tissues
• Shape of cells
• Squamous flattened
• Cuboidal cube-shaped
• Columnar column-like

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• Classification of Epithelium

• Number of cell layers
• ___________
• one layer
• found in areas of transport
• _________________
• more than one layer
• High abrasion areas for protection
• Secretory membranes

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• Classification of Epithelium

• Pseudostratified
• __________ layers
• Ciliated (respiratory tract)
• Non-ciliated (male urethra)
• Transitional
• multiple layers of epithelial cells,
  _________________
• Found in ___________ tract
• can look cuboidal until bladder stretches, then
  looks squamos

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Keratinized Epithelium

• Keratin
• tough ___________________ material
• found in upper layers of some ____________
  ______________ epithelium

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Non-Keratinized Epithelium
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Epithelial Membranes

• Mucous membranes
• Line body cavities _________ to the exterior
• Example digestive, respiratory, urogenital
• Mucus protects by trapping __________________,
  substances in mucus will destroy them
• Cutaneous Membranes
• Skin
• Helps waterproof protect body
• First line of _________ in immune system
• Serous Membranes
• Lines all __________ body cavities
• Serous fluid located between layers to reduce
  __________ due to organ motion

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Epithelial Membranes
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• Glandular Epithelium

• Gland
• one or more cells that ___________ a particular
  product
• Two major gland types
• Endocrine gland
• _______________ - secretes product directly into
  blood or tissue
• Produces ____________
• Exocrine gland
• Empty through _______ to the epithelial surface
• Include ________ and _______ glands

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• Glandular Epithelium

• Apocrine
• secrete their product from _________ cells
• Ex Mammary glands
• Holocrine
• entire cells and their secretions accumulate as
  the glands secretory product
• cells ____________
• Ex Sebaceous (oil) glands
• Merocrine
• Most common
• accumulate their secretory product at the apical
  surface of each cell, which then separates from
  the remainder to form a secretion in the lumen of
  the gland.
• cells then _________ themselves.
• Ex Salivary glands

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Glandular Epithelium
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Connective tissues

• Support strengthen provide structure

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• Connective Tissue

• Found ________________ in the body
• Includes the most ______________ and widely
  distributed tissues
• Functions
• ________ body tissues together
• ______________ the body
• Provides __________________
• _____________ to maintain body temperature
• __________________of other molecules

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Origin of Connective Tissue

• Mesenchyme embryonic tissue that differentiates
  into all forms of CT

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• Connective Tissue Characteristics

• Variations in blood supply
• Some tissue types are well _______________
• Adipose danger of hemorrhage with liposuction
• Some have poor blood supply or are _______
• Blood supply is necessary for _________
• brings oxygen spare parts

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• Extracellular Matrix

• Two main elements
• __________ substance
• proteins and polysaccharide molecules
• function as a molecular sieve to diffuse
  nutrients other substances
• _________
• Produced by the cells
• Three types
• Collagen fibers tensile ____________
• Elastic fibers stretch with __________
• Reticular fibers - _________________

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Connective Tissue Cells

• Prefixes
• Fibro
• Osteo
• Chondro
• Hemo(cyto)
• Suffixes
• Blast build the cells
• Cyte cell
• Clast breakdown the cells

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Connective Membranes

• Synovial
• Lines spaces between _______ and ________
• Secrete synovial fluid to reduce ______________

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Connective Tissue Outline

• Bone
• Cartilage
• Hyaline
• Fibrocartilage
• Elastic
• Perichondrium
• Fibrous
• Areolar (Loose connective)
• Adipose
• Reticular
• Dense fibrous
• Regular
• Irregular
• Blood
• Plasma
• Cells
• Eryhtrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Thrombocytes

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• Connective Tissue Types - BONE

• Bone (____________ tissue)
• Composed of
• Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
• Hard matrix of calcium salts
• Large numbers of collagen fibers
• _____________ primary anatomical and functional
  unit of compact bone
• Used to protect and support the body
• ____________________ formation of blood cells

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• Connective Tissue Types - CARTILAGE

• Hyaline cartilage
• Most __________cartilage
• Composed of
• Abundant ____________ fibers
• Rubbery matrix
• ________________
• Found in
• Entire ________skeleton
• Ventral ends of ____________
• Articular surface of ___________

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Connective Tissue Types - CARTILAGE

• Fibrocartilage
• Highly ___________________
• Strongest most ________________
• forms cushion-like _______ between vertebrae,
  pubic symphysis, meniscus

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Connective Tissue Types - CARTILAGE

• Elastic cartilage
• Provides elasticity, very ________________
• Supports the external ear, larynx

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Connective Tissue Types - CARTILAGE

• Perichondrium
• Surrounds ______________

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• Connective Tissue Types - FIBROUS

• Areolar (Loose Connective)
• Most widely _________________connective tissue
  (surrounds blood vessels nerves)
• Soft, pliable tissue
• Contains all fiber types
• Can soak up excess fluid
• Main function to ___________ and
  _______________organs
• Types of fibers
• Collagenous - collagen
• Elastic elastin , stretchable
• Reticular very thin

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• Connective Tissue Types - FIBROUS

• Adipose
• Matrix is an __________ tissue in which fat
  globules predominate
• Many cells contain large lipid deposits
• Functions
• ___________ the body
• ________ some organs
• Serves as a site of _______ ___________

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• Connective Tissue Types - FIBROUS

• Adipose

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Connective Tissue Types - FIBROUS

• Reticular
• Delicate network of interwoven fibers
• Holds together _____________ tissue
• Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of
  lymphoid organs soft skeleton
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Bone marrow

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Connective Tissue Types - FIBROUS

• Dense fibrous
• Main matrix element is ______________
• fibers
• Cells are fibroblasts
• Irregular not parallel
• dermis
• Regular - parallel
• __________ attach muscle to bone
• _______________ attach bone to bone

Regular
Irregular
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• Connective Tissue Types - FIBROUS

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• Connective Tissue Types - BLOOD

• Fibers are visible during clotting
• Functions as the _______________vehicle for
  materials
• 55 Liquid component
• _____________
• 45 Blood cells
• Erythrocytes - RBC
• Leukocytes - WBC
• _______________ - platelets

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Connective Tissue Outline

• Bone
• Cartilage
• Hyaline
• Fibrocartilage
• Elastic
• Perichondrium
• Fibrous
• Areolar (Loose connective)
• Adipose
• Reticular
• Dense fibrous
• Regular
• Irregular
• Blood
• Plasma
• Cells
• Eryhtrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Thrombocytes

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Muscle Tissue

• Highly ______________ _______________
• Less matrix more flexibility
• More blood flow more ATP made
• Actin myosin contractile _______________
• Function is to produce movement
• 3 types
• Skeletal
• Smooth
• Cardiac

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• Muscle Tissue Types

• Skeletal muscle
• Can be controlled _______________
• Cells attach to ________________ tissue
• Cells are _________
• _____nucleated
• attached to bone
• Smooth muscle
• _____________ muscle
• Surrounds hollow ___________
• Attached to other smooth muscle cells
• Non-striated
• _______ nucleus per cell
• Viscera of hollow internal organs

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Muscle Tissue Types

• Cardiac muscle
• Found only in the _______
• Function is to pump blood (______________________)
  
• Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at
  ____________________ _______
• Cells are _______________
• _____nucleus per cell

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Nervous Tissue

• Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves
• Carry _______________signals
• Neurons generate conduct electricity
• Usually nonregenerative
• _______________
• support neurons

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• Tissue Repair

• Determination of type of repair
• Type of tissue damaged
• Severity of the injury
• Regeneration
• Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind
  of cells
• Fibrosis
• Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar
  tissue)

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• Regeneration of Tissues

• Regenerate easily
• Epithelial tissue
• Bone
• Regenerate poorly
• Skeletal muscle replaced with connective
  tissue, not muscle
• Cartilage
• Nervous
• Replaced largely with scar tissue
• Cardiac muscle
• Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
• Connective - keloids

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Steps of Tissue Repair

• 1. capillaries ___________ brings blood to
  supply clotting factors
• 2. ________ forms seal off injury
• 3. ________ forms protect injury
• 4. debris is __________out macrophages eat
  away damaged tissue to leave room for repair
• 5. Organization of tissue parts granulation
  occurs (a type of intermediate tissue)
• 6. Macrophages digest __________ original clot
• 7. Surface epithelium regenerates scab usually
  falls off at this time
• End result Healed injury!

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Tissue Disease