The Antebellum South

1
The Antebellum South
Ch. 16 EU In what ways and to what extent was
industrial development from 1800 to 1860 a factor
in the relationship between the northern and the
southern states?
2
Early Emancipation in the North
3
Missouri Compromise, 1820
4
Antebellum Southern Economy
5
Graniteville Textile Co.
Founded in 1845, it was the Souths first attempt
at industrialization in Richmond, VA
6
Slaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi Plantation
7
Slaves Using the Cotton Gin
8
Southern Agriculture
9
Slaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling House, 1823
10
Changes in Cotton Production
1820
1860
11
Value of Cotton Exports As of All US Exports
12
Hauling the Whole Weeks PickingsWilliam Henry
Brown, 1842
13
Antebellum Southern Society
14
Characteristics of the Antebellum South

1. Primarily agrarian.
2. Economic power shifted from the upper South to
   the lower South.
3. Cotton Is King! 1860? 5 mil. bales a yr.
   (57 of total US exports).
4. Very slow development of industrialization.
5. Rudimentary financial system.
6. Inadequate transportation system.

15
Southern Society (1850)
Slavocracyplantation owners
6,000,000
The Plain Folkwhite yeoman farmers
Black Freemen
250,000
Black Slaves3,200,000
Total US Population ? 23,000,0009,250,000 in
the South 40
16
Southern Population
17
Slave-Owning Population (1850)
18
Slave-Owning Families (1850)
19
The South's "Peculiar Institution"
20
Slave Auction Notice, 1823
21
Slave Auction Charleston, SC-1856
22
Slave Accoutrements
Slave MasterBrands
Slave muzzle
23
Anti-Slave Pamphlet
24
Slave Accoutrements
Slave tag, SC
Slave leg irons
Slave shoes
25
Antebellum Southern Plantation Life
26
Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a
Southern plantation.
27
Tara Plantation Reality or Myth?
Hollywoods Version?
28
Scarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)
29
A Real Mammie Her Charge
30
The Southern Belle
31
A Slave Family
32
The Ledger of John White

• Matilda Selby, 9, 400.00 sold to Mr. Covington,
  St. Louis, 425.00
• Brooks Selby, 19, 750.00 Left at Home Crazy
• Fred McAfee, 22, 800.00 Sold to
  Pepidal,Donaldsonville, 1200.00
• Howard Barnett, 25, 750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of
  jail, 540.00
• Harriett Barnett, 17, 550.00 Sold to Davenport
  and Jones, Lafourche, 900.00

33
US Laws Regarding Slavery

1. U. S. Constitution 3/5s compromise I.2
   fugitive slave clause IV.2
2. 1793 ? Fugitive Slave Act.
3. 1850 ? stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

34
Southern Slavery--gt An Aberration?

• 1780s 1st antislavery society created in Phila.
• By 1804 slavery eliminated from last northern
  state.
• 1807 the legal termination of the slave trade,
  enforced by the Royal Navy.
• 1820s newly indep. Republics of Central So.
  America declared their slaves free.
• 1833 slavery abolished throughout the British
  Empire.
• 1844 slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies.
• 1861 the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

35
Slavery Was Less Efficient in the U. S. than
Elsewhere

• High cost of keeping slaves fromescaping.
• GOAL ? raise the exit cost.

Slave patrols.
Southern Black Codes.
Cut off a toe or a foot.
36
Slave Resistance Uprisings
37
Slave Resistance

1. SAMBO pattern of behavior used as a charade in
   front of whites the innocent, laughing black man
   caricature bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile,
   etc..

38
Slave Resistance

1. Refusal to work hard.
2. Isolated acts of sabotage.
3. Escape via the Underground Railroad.

39
Runaway Slave Ads
40
Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages
The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted
escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee
the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned
escapees not to follow a straight route.
41
Abolitionists of the North
42
The South Slavery - Personalities

• Theodore Weld Slavery As It Is
• Formed basis of ethical argument against slavery
• Argued slavery destroyed degraded the image
• of God in Man
• Converted Tappan Bros. J. Birney
• William Lloyd Garrison Boston abolitionist
• Alienated middle-class whites by belief in
  disunion
• Founded American Anti-Slavery society
• His efforts helped w/adoption of 13th Amendment
• The Liberator (1831)

43
The South Slavery - Personalities

• David Walker Wrote The Appeal to the Colored
  Citizens of the World, which advocated slave
  rebellions violence to achieve freedom
• Sojourner Truth Ex-slave from NY/For abolition
  womens rights
• Illiterate
• Lincoln invited her to White House
• for advice
• Isabella Baumfree
• Sojourn is visitor or traveler

44
The South Slavery - Personalities

• Frederick Douglass Escaped slave living in MASS
• Published North Star (newspaper)
• Dressed as a sailor to escape
• After autobiography published, he went to Eng.
• Took 8 yrs. To get 700 to buy freedom
• After 44 yrs. of marriage, his 1st wife died he
  
• married his white secretary
• After war ambassador to Haiti
• Nat Turner Slave preacher (VA)
• Resulted in death of 50 whites (mainly women
  children) axes
• Inspired by vision from God (eclipse)
• Valued at 375
• Revolt halted in 48 hrs.
• 300 innocent blacks killed by white mobs

The capture of Nat Turner
45
The South Slavery - Personalities

• John Quincy Adams 6th Prez House of Rep. (MASS)
• Presented petitions against slavery
• Location of desk in the House ? only spot one can
  hear clearly what is being whispered 15 yds. away
• gag resolutions (1836) Attempt to silence him
• Elijah Lovejoy Newspaper ed. in ILL
• Killed by mob trying to protect presses
• Became a martyr
• Tappan Brothers (NYC) Wealthy
• importers retail merchants
• Gave money leadership to
• reform societies

Arthur Tappan helped fund the Underground Railroad
46
The South Slavery General Topics

• Methodist Baptist churches supported slavery
  Unitarian did not Catholic Episcopalian
  remained neutral
• Pro-slavery arguments
• Violation of 1st Amendment - 1835 U.S. Post
  Office orders destruction of anti-slavery mail
• Northern economic dependence on South

47
Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South
Gabriel Prosser1800
1822
48
Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South
Nat Turner, 1831
49
The Culture of Slavery

1. Black Christianity Baptists or Methodists
   more emotional worship services. negro
   spirituals.
2. Pidgin or Gullah languages.
3. Nuclear family with extended kin links,where
   possible.
4. Importance of music in their lives. esp.
   spirituals.

50
Southern Pro-SlaveryPropaganda
51
The Antebellum South
Ch. 16 EU In what ways and to what extent was
industrial development from 1800 to 1860 a factor
in the relationship between the northern and the
southern states?