Municipal Solid Waste Management

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Municipal Solid Waste Management

• Ingrid Håstad
• Senior Consultant in Waste Management
• SWECO International

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• 449 964 km2
• Length S N 1 572 km
• Width E W 500 km
• About 9 million inhabitants

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MSWM - Common Situation
Oujda, Marocko
Uganda
But now, situation in Sweden..
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Definition of Waste?

• "Any substance or object the holder discards,
  intends to discard or is required to discard" is
  WASTE according to the Waste Framework Directive
  (European Directive (WFD) 2006/12/EC)
• Amended by the new WFD (Directive 2008/98/EC,
  coming into force in December 2010)
• Main categories hazardous and non-hazardous

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Swedish (EU) MSW Management Waste Hierarchy
Recover energy!
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Swedish MSW ManagementCharacteristics

• EU member since Jan 1995
• Well established municipal responsibility for MSW
• People accept and comply, we do as we are told!
• Producers responsibility since 1994
• National ban on landfilling of combustible waste
  from 2002 and organic waste from 2005
• National environmental targets also for waste
• Landfill tax and municipal waste incineration tax

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Swedish Objectives MSW National Environmental
Waste Targets

• 50 reduction of waste to landfill (excl mining)
  by base year 1994
• Achieved! Only 4 of generated MSW is landfilled
• Not increase the generated amount of MSW
• Failed! MSW generation increased 35 from 1994
  to 2007
• Not yet achieved
• Biological treatment gt35 of municipal
  kitchen/food waste and utilise all industrial
  food waste by 2010, (10 2006)
• Recycling (material, biological treatment) gt 50
  of municipal waste generated by 2010 (47 2006)
• Recirculation gt60 of Phosphorus in sewage sludge
  by 2015

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Swedish WM Responsibilities
GENERATOR INDUSTRY Separation of waste
Supervision Municipality Env DeptCounty AdmEPA
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL Small batteries
(collection) Remaining household
waste Kitchen/food waste
PRODUCER Packaging Newsprint/paper WEEE Car
Tyres Cars Car Batteries Small batteries
(treatment)
Hazardous Waste to authorised treatment
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Swedish WM Responsibilities
GENERATOR Household Separation of MSW
Supervision Municipality Env DeptCounty AdmEPA
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL Hazardous Waste Small batteries
(collection) Remaining household
waste Kitchen/food waste
PRODUCER Packaging Newsprint/paper WEEE Car
Tyres Cars Car Batteries Small batteries
(treatment)
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Ban, Incentives, Control, Awareness!
How to Reach the Objectives?

• Economical and physical Producers
  responsibility (1994) for several products
• Environmental Code - enforcement
• Stringent regulations on landfills and other
  waste treatment facilities
• National Ban on landfilling of combustible
  waste since 2002
• National Ban on landfilling of organic waste
  since 2005
• and

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Ban, Incentive, Control, Awareness! Cont.
How to Reach the Objectives?
62 USD/ton
VAT 25!
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How to Reach the Objectives? Ban, Incentives,
Control, Awareness! Cont.

• Requirements for internal control for operators
• Investment Grants for biological treatment
  biogas production
• Public awareness campaigns environmental
  programs in school curricula

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Public Awareness separation at source
How to Reach the Objectives?

• Motivation why?
• Information how?
• Incentive how much?

Västerås stad
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Collection of Waste from Households
Hazardous waste collection, Public recycling
centre Municipality responsibility

• Separated recyclables
• Producers responsibility

Remaining MSW Municipality responsibility
Public participation is crucial!
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Collection of Waste from Enterprises
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Separation at Source The Corner Stone!

1. Always store/collect hazardous waste, chemicals,
   batteries, WEEE separate!
2. Leave your recyclables at public
   drop-off/recycling centres!
3. Biodegradable, landfill, inert according to
   local instructions
4. Remaining waste is incinerated to recover energy
   for district heating, el.
5. A very small amount is disposed in controlled
   landfill

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Hazardous Waste - Golden Rule

• HW is ALWAYS separated at source
• to prevent uncontrolled release of hazardous
  components into the environment during treatment
  and disposal
• to enable recycling, incineration and biological
  treatment

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Manned HW Collection Petrol Stations
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HW Mobile Collection Vehicle
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Producers Collection of Recyclables
HD-Plastic Corrugated cardboard/carton
Newsprint Metal Uncoulored glass
Coulored glass
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Public Recycling Centres
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Remaining MSW is Collected 2-4 times/month
Mainly bins 190-240 l
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Remaining MSW in Large Containers
Vacuum waste collection/Envac
Underground big bag/Molok




           
       
Underground Compactor/Ecosir
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MSW Collection

• City of Stockholm (800 000 inhabitants -
  example
• Contracts 80-85 MSW collection vehicles,
  whereof 30 are CBG fuelled
• Collects 228 000 tonnes MSW/year
• 10 t/vehicle and day, five days per week,
  one shift
• Vehicle expected life time8-10 years

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Sweden MSW Collection Results 2008
Separately collected recyclables (from mun.
sector) at Recycling centres, packaging
collection points 180 kg/cap Total 1,7
Million tonnes
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Total 4,7 million tonnes (510 kg/cap)
Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste 2008
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Sweden Treatment of MSW 1997-2006
Total generated, MSW tonnes/year
Treated, tonnes/year
Recycling including Producers responsibility
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Share of MSW in European Countries
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MSW Treatment in Europe
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Incinerated Household MSW Composition
Producers
Producers
2,5-2,7 kWh/kg
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Local Municipal Councils - Responsibility

• Household waste, recyclables and the hazardous
  waste generated in households
• (4,7 million tonnes 510 kg/inhabitant)
• Household waste is waste from households and
  comparable waste from other activities
• Responsible for collection and transportation
  (monopoly)
• Helps out with battery and WEEE collection
• Supervision of hazardous waste from industry
• Cooperation with Producers

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Municipality MSW Economy

• Fee for MSW collection and treatment etc is
  set by the local council
• Based on prime cost principle
• Must cover a wide range of activities
  Collection, transport, recycling centres,
  hazardous household waste, white goods,
  batteries, information and advice, planning,
  statistics and administration etc.
• Single-family home (2008) 2000 SEK/year incl.
  taxes (280 USD) for 11.3 kg waste/week
  (collection 26 times/year)

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Municipality MSW Economy
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Producers Responsibility

• Currently for
• Packaging waste (carton, paper, corrugated
  cardboard, plastic, glass, wood, metal)
• Waste paper
• Tyres
• Cars
• WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment)
• Deposit on Al-beverage cans, glass and PET
  bottles
• Recovery recycling (material/biol.treat)
  energy recovery
• EU Recycling of Packaging Directive 94/62/EC
  55-80 recycled http//europa.eu/legislation_summ
  aries/environment/waste_management/l21207_en.htm

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Swedish Producers Recycling Responsibilities

• The producer must arrange, inform and
  finance collection and recycling systems
• Recycling targets must be attained
• Objective to Prevent Waste?
• Industry or households?

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Swedish Producers Recycling Targets
Packaging material Recycled 2008 Target
Newspaper, print 89 75
Office paper (voluntary commitm.) 68 50
Tyres 97 80
Vehicles 91 85
WEEE(collected/cap, year) 16,5 kg/cap EU 2006/07 4 kg
Source Swedish EPA Report 6328
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Producers Recycling Targets
Target 85 70 65 70 90 (deposit)
Source Swedish EPA Report 6328
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Swedish Producers Recycling Targets

• Beverage packaging with deposit
• PET recyclable 84 (90) deposit 0,3 USD
• Al-can recyclable 91 (90) deposit 0,07 USD
• No target in legislation
• PET refillable (0,5 Euro) 99 reused
• Glass bottles (0,05 Euro) 99 reused

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Swedish Financing of Producer Responsibility

• Producers levies, 2010 e.g. Plastic
  1,37 SEK/kg Metal, al 2,10
  SEK/kg Carton 0,75 SEK/kg Corr.
  Cardboard 0,52-1,22 SEK/kg
• The producer pays the fee to REPA
• The consumer pays the fee as a part of the
  purchased product 300-500 SEK/year (42
  70 USD) for an average family of 3-4
  persons

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Swedish Landfills

• EC directive 1999/31/EC Landfill of waste
• Stringent standards from 2009
• Sweden has reduced no of landfills for MSW from
  300 to 80 in ten years.
• Larger, well controlled landfill sites remain
  (10 main landfills receive gt 40 of landfilled
  household waste)

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Swedish Landfills Cont.

• Not just a landfill, also a separation and
  pre-treatmentfacility!
• Landfill gas 310 GWh/year whereof 24 GWh
  electricity (decreasing)
• but still 65 GWh of landfill gas was flared
• 3 million tonnes of residues/soil etc used for
  final cover, construction on sites

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EU Landfills

• EC directive 1999/31/EC Landfill of waste
• http//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.d
  o?uriOJL200301100270049ENPDF
• Criteria and waste characterization for the
  acceptance at landfills.
• European Waste Catalogue EWC for waste
  statistics in EU
• Main categories hazardous and non-hazardous

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Oujda modern landfill!SWECO design First load
of waste
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Swedish Incineration of WasteEnergy facilities!

• 31 facilities in Sweden (2009)
• Incinerate 2,3 Mill. t/y of MSW 2,3 Mill. t/y
  of industrial combustible waste
• Recovery of 12,2 TWh heat and 1,5 TWh
  electricity (of a total heating demand 150 TWh)
• Covers gt20 of district heating demand
• About 15-20 (w) as residues (slag and ashes)
• Dioxin emission 2008 0,8 g total

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Waste Incinerator
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SWEDISH Incineration of Waste
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SWEDISH Biological Treatment

• 13 of MSW to composting plants (31) or
  anaerobic digestion facilities with production of
  biogas (18)
• 272 700 tonnes of biofertilizer
• 181 000 MWh of raw biogas, whereof 80 000 MWh
  were upgraded to vehicle fuel (CBG)
• About 110 municipalities offer separate
  collection and handling of organic waste to bio-
  treatment
• High quality requirements in order to use the
  digestate in agriculture certification!

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Biological Treatment
Biogas facility in Helsingborg
Wind row composing in Lahore, Pakistan
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SWEDISH Biological Treatment
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Sweden average MSW Treatment Fees 2008
Treatment fee /ton incl VAT, tax
Landfill 7001200 SEK 100-170 USD
Incineration 550-1100 SEK 78-157 USD
Composting, anaerobic digestion 400-800 SEK 57-114 USD
Only for the treatment, not including collection,
planning, recycling etc
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Hazardous Waste Treatment Fees/SAKAB
Waste Type Prices in SEK/ton
Waste oil, water content ? 10 140 (20 USD)
Waste oil, water content 90 1000 (140 USD)
Waste oil PCB-contaminated (51-500 ppm) 3 300 (470 USD)
Hg-cont. chemicals 120 000 (17 000 USD)
Assorted chemicals (e.g. HW collection points) 120 000 (17 000 USD)
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How to Develop a New SWM System?

• Separation at source! HW first!
• Go slow, allow time for introducing new systems
• Most important is to raise the awareness
• Simple solutions in the beginning (e.g. separate
  cell for healthcare waste, compost green waste,
  etc)
• Be critical of donors concepts