Tropical Fruits

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Tropical Fruits ?????????????? ??????
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Tropical fruit
plants 1. Drought resistant
2. Semi-drought resistant 3. High
humid zone

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Tropical environments
1. Solar radiation 2.
Temperature 3.
Day-length 4. Rainfall
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1. Solar radiation ? light intensity
? day-length sun height
latitude cloudiness
season Latitude (o) Regions
Insolution (cal/cm2/d) 50-60 Temperate
50-450 Med. Sub-tropical
.-750 23.5 Tropical
200-450 0 Equator 400-450 Plant
adaptation - planting season
- plant density
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2. Temperature ? Season ? Solar
radiation ? Altitude 10.40 oC
N-hemisphere 28.30 oC Equator 40.10 oC
S-hemisphere Diurnal temperature day vs.
night temperature Plant adaptation -
Temperate pl. in tropic zone. vernalization -
Tropical pl. in temperate zone. frost injury
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3. Day-length ? Latitude ? Season
0..24 hrs. N-hemisphere 21 June
9..15 hrs 23.5 oN 12..12 hrs.
Equator 159 hrs. 23.5 oS
240 hrs. S-hemisphere 22 Dec.
Plant adaptation critical day-length SDP
Short Day Plant LDP Long Day Plant
DNP Day Neutral Plant inflorescence
initiation flowering
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4. Rainfall ? Global pressure ? Wind
system ? 2,000 mm/yr rain forest
???????? woodland ????????
sparse savanna ???????????????????? arid
sahal ???????????????? ? 500 mm/yr
desert ???????? Plant
adaptation - irrigation -
rainfall
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?????? 1 ? ?????????
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Agriculture in the tropics
1. Wet equatorial climates 5 N 5 S
2. Alternately wet and dry tropical climates
or monsoon climates 5 15 N and 5 15
S 2.1 xxxxx00xxxxx 2.2 xx00000000xx 2.3
xxxxxx000000 2.4 xx0000000000 xxxx
wet 0000 dry
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Agriculture in the tropics (conti.)
3. Dry tropical climates of the continental
tropical air mass source regions 15 30 N
15 30 S 4. Wet climates of tropical
windward coasts Caribbean 5. Dry
climates of tropical and subtropical west
coasts 15 30 N 15 30 S
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Importance 1.
Utilization type - table or dessert, -
cooking, - processing
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Importance (conti.) 2. Food
value - moisture, calorie, carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, - acids, minerals,
vitamins, fibre, enzymes
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Importance (conti.) 3.
Export - mango, rambutan, durian, pineapple -
sweet sop, banana, tamarind, sapodilla,
coconut, santol, jackfruit, passion fruit -
pineapple, rambutan, banana - coconut
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?????????????? 1.
???????? (?.) 91-95 ?????????? ????? ??????
????? ??????? ???? 80-90 ???? ?????? ???????
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?????????????? (???) 2. ???????
(???????) 314 ????????? 200-300 ????????????
???????? 100-200 ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????
???? ????????????
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?????????????? (???) 3. ?????
(?.) 2-4 ?????????????????????? ??????? ???? 4.
???????????? (?.) 50-80 ???????????? ?????????
???????? 30-50 ???????? ???????? ??????????????
?????
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?????????????? (???) 5.
?????? (?.) 5-6 ????? ?????? ????????? 2-4 ?????
???? ????? 6. ?????? (?.) 2-3 ???????
???????????? ????????? ?????????
???????? 1-2 ?????????? ????? ?????
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?????????????? (???) 7.
???????? (??.) 141 ?????????
50-100 ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????
?????? 8. ?????????? (??.) 164
????????? 50-100 ??????? ?????
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?????????????? (???) 9.
????? (??.) 2-3 ???? ????
1-2 ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????
??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????
?????? 10. ??????? ?? (?????????) 6,000
?????????????????? 1,000 ??????
????????????????? ??????
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?????????????? (???) 11.
??????? ?? 1 (??.) 0.1-0.01 1.3 ????? 12.
??????? ?? 2 (??.) 0.1-0.01 1.19 ????? 13.
??????? ?? (??.) 200-300 ?????????
????????? 100-200 ????? ???????? ?????????
?????????????? 14. ??????? (??.) 1.0-1.5
??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????
?????? ????
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Processing fruit products 1. Canned 1.1 fruits
in light/heavy syrup 1.2 fruits in brine 2.
Frozen 2.1 frozen fruit (whole) 2.2
frozen flesh 3. Jam 4. Puree 5. Juice type
1 ready to drink 2 concentrated
form 1 aseptic package 2 frozen 6. Dried
6.1 dehydrated (many level) 6.2 sweetened
by sugar or
honey, salted, etc. 7. Miscellaneous
7.1 fruit candy 7.2
instant fruit drink 7.3 fruit paste 7.4 fruit
chip
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Origin (Vavilov, 1949) 1.
Ethiopia - banana 2. Mediterranean region -
olive 3. Asia Minor, Caucasus, Persia - fig,
pomegranate, date palm 4. Afghanistan,
Turkestan, N.W.India - watermelon 5. Indo-Burma
- mango, jackfruit, marian plum 6. Siam,
Malaya, Java - mangosteen, durian, banana,
breadfruit 7. China - mulberry 8. Mexico,
Guatemala - guava, musk melon, papaya,
sapodilla 9. Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia
-papaya, sweet sop, cherimoya 10.
S-Chile - strawberry 11. Brazil,
Paraguay - pineapple, cashew nut, Brazil nut,
passion fruit 12. U.S.A. - atemoya
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Evolution 1. Chance seedling seedage
selection 2. Introduction species,
varieties, characters 3. Mutation
spontaneous, induced 4. Breeding
interspecific breeding, intervarietal
breeding, self-incompatibility,
heterogeneity
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Production 1. Improved quantity
yield/unit area, fruit drop by wind, total
yield 2. Improved quality standard size and
quality (keeping, storage, shipping) 3.
Post-harvest technology harvesting index,
grading, packaging, transportation 4. Pest
control 5. Chemical residue 6. Improved
varieties 7. Propagation good distribution
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?????? 3 ?????????? types of
fleshy fruit
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?????? 4 ???????????? types of dry fruit
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• Variety
• ? lt subspecies ? similarities
• ? distictness ? true-to-type
• 1. Botanical variety ???????????????????
• ??????????? - Malay apple Eugenia malaccensis
  L.
• ?????????????? - Malay apple
• E. malaccensis var. purpurea Hook.
• 2. Horticultural variety ???????????????
• ?????? Mangifera indica L.
• ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????
  ??????
• var. Sensation, Kent, Carabao, Golek

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DOA Varieties 1. ordinary, common, landrace
varieties ???????????? 2. registered
varieties ??????????????? 3. certified
varieties ???????????? 4. recommended
varieties ??????????????
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Propagation
1. sexual monoembryony .. zygotic
seedling polyembryony zygotic seedling
nucellar seedling 2. asexual rootage
cutting, layering graftage inarching, budding,
grafting top working double
working scion, cion SC ????????????
interstock, intermediate stock IS
????????? rootstock, stock
RS ?????
SC
IS
RS
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Physiology 1. Development 1.1
pre-maturation 1.2 maturation
physiological maturation
pre-maturation, maturation, maximum growth
commercial maturation
pre-maturation, maturation, over-maturation,
ripening 2. Ripening highest palatability
3. Senescence
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Maturity
index 1. Physical changes firmness,
skin colour, size, shape, bloom, force 2.
Chemical changes TSS (Total Soluble
Solids) TA (Titratable Acidity)
TSS TA, sugar, starch, C2H4, CO2 3.
Environments day-degree,
daylength-degree, days after blooming,
days after fruit setting
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Post-harvest
physiology Tropical fruits perishable
goods Damage 5-25 in developed
countries 20-50 in developing
countries Living tissues minimized
metabolism temperature control field
heat relative humidity. 85-95 R.H.
1. respiration senescence, weight loss
2. ethylene production ripening hormone,
senescence 3. chemical changes chloroph
yll, carbohydrates, TSS TA
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Diseases 1. In
nursery - collar rot, root rot .. Sclerotium
sp., Phytophthora palmivora - leaf blight .
Rhizoctonia sp. - anthracnose . Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides
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Diseases
(conti.) 2. In field - leaf blight .
Rhizoctonia sp. - powdery mildew . Oidium
spp. - sooty mold . Meliola sp., Capnodium
sp. - pink disease . Corticium
salmonicolor - Phytophthora stem rot, twig rot,
fruit rot, leaf blight
Phytophthora palmivora - algal disease .
Cephaleuros virescence - Panama disease ..
Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense - leaf spot,
Sikatoga . Mycosphaerella musicola - gummosis
. Botryodiplodia theobromae - bacterial leaf
spot . Pseudomonas mangiferae
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Diseases (conti.) 3.
Post-harvest - anthracnose . Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides - fruit rot .
Botryodiplodia theobromae,
Phomopsis sp., Aspergillus niger
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????????????? (anthracnose Colletotrichum
gleosporioides)
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????????????? (anthracnose Colletotrichum
gleosporioides)
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????????????? (anthracnose Colletotrichum
gleosporioides)
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????????????? (anthracnose Colletotrichum
gleosporioides)
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????????????? (anthracnose Colletotrichum
gleosporioides)
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?????????, ???????? (leaf blight Rhizoctonia
spp.)
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????????? (leaf blight Rhizoctonia sp.)
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????????? (powdery mildew Oidium spp.)
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??????? (sooty mold Meliola sp Capnodium sp.)
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?????????? (root rot Phytophthora palmivora
Sclerotium sp.)
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?????????? (collar rot Phytophthora palmivora
Sclerotium sp.)
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?????????? (stem rot Phytophthora palmivira)
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????????? (fruit rot)
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???????? (leaf spot)
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?????????????????? (gummosis Botryodiplodia
theobromae)
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Phytopthora sp.
Colletotrichum sp.
??????????? (die back)
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?????????? (Panama disease Fusarium oxysporum f.
cubense)
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???????? (leaf spot Sigatoka disease
Mycosphaerella musicola)
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????????????????????? (bacterial wilt)
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????????????????????? (bacterial wilt)
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????????????? (algal disease Cephaleulos
virescence)
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????????? (mosaic virus)
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????????? (mosaic virus)
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??????????????? (ring spot)
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Insects
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?????????? (mealy bug)
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????????????
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?????????? (aphids)
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????????? (soft scales)
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???????????????????? (mango hopper)
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???????? (thrips)
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???????? (thrips)
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????? (red spider mites)
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?????
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??????????? (leaf eating weevil)
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???????????? (oriental fruit fly)
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?????????
??????? (grass hopper)
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???? (termite)
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?????????????
????????????? (stem weevil)
????????????? (root weevil)
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????????????? (fruit borer)
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????????????? (seed borer)
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???????????????????????? (bark borer)
???????????????????????? (bark borer)
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?????????????
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????????????? (fruit borer)
????????? (leaf miner)
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