Child Development

1
Child Development

• Chapter 4 Prenatal Development

2
Journal

• Write down 5 phrases that explain what you know
  about pregnancy.

3
State Standards

• 3.1 Analyze hereditary and environmental factors
  affecting prenatal development beginning with
  conception
• 3.2 Analyze maternal and paternal health and
  environmental factors affecting conception and
  prenatal development

4
Video

• Brain Pop-
• Reproductive System

5
Conception

• Vocabulary
• Ovum
• Uterus
• Fallopian Tube
• Sperm
• Conception

6
Family Planning

• The only 100 method of contraception is
  abstinence
• An ovum usually lives 12-24 hours
• A sperm usually lives 48-72 hours
• There are approximately 3-4 days in which
  intercourse could lead to conception

7
Contraceptive Methods

• Groups 1-2
• Each group will have 1 method.
• Your responsibilities
• Find a picture of an example of that method
• Turn picture into the assignment turn in folder
• Give a 30 second spill about that method and show
  picture
• Grade Assignment worth 20 points
• 5 points for picture
• 10 points for spill
• 5 points for professionalism

8
Brainpop Video

• Genetics

9
Genetic Package

• Each person inherits characteristics from parents
  
• Chromosomes tiny threadlike particles in the
  nucleus of every cell
• Human babies receive 46 at conception- 23 pairs
• Each chromosomes has thousands of genes the
  units that determine inherited characteristics
• For every inherited characteristic a person
  receives two copies of a gene- mother and father
• Dominant Gene stronger
• Recessive Gene weaker
• Genome The complete blueprint for the creation
  of a person

10
Making a Unique Person

• Family often times look alike because of the gene
  combinations
• Sex of a child is also determined at conception
• Two types of sex chromosome X and Y
• Egg cells contain X
• Sperm cells contain wither X or Y

11
Brainpop Video

• Heredity
• Punnett Square Activity

12
Multiple Births

• Identical Twins Fertilized egg divides into two
  separate babies
• Fraternal Twins two eggs are released at the
  same time and both are fertilized
• 2.5 of births are multiple births
• More than 2 babies is even more rare
• Most of the time multiple births (more than 2)
  results from treatment of infertility the
  inability to become pregnant

13
Infertility

• Not all people are able to become pregnant
• 1st step Doctor evaluates both parents help to
  determine cause
• Fertility drugs may be prescribed if the cause is
  eggs are not released every month
• Several drawbacks serious side effects, multiple
  births, etc

14
Options for Infertility

• After treatment for infertility some people are
  still not able to conceive
• Some options
• Adoption
• Artificial Insemination sperm injected into
  womans uterus
• In vitro Fertilization Egg is fertilized outside
  body and then placed in the womans uterus
• Ovum Transfer egg from female donor then
  fertilized
• Surrogate Mother

15
Three Stages of Pregnancy

• Prenatal Development the babys development
  during pregnancy
• Germinal Stage
• Embryonic Stage
• Fetal Stage

16
Germinal Stage

• Zygote The fertilized egg
• Lasts only about 2 weeks
• Cell Division
• Cell begins to grow while it is still in the
  fallopian tube
• After about 4 days the zygote reaches the uterus
• Implantation
• After about 2 weeks of growth the zygote is about
  the size of a pin head

17
Embryonic Stage

• Embryo developing baby from weeks 3-8
• Organs and Body Systems
• All the major system develop in this stage
• Brain begins to take control
• Brain is sensitive to damage from drugs and
  alcohol
• Amniotic Sac
• Amniotic Fluid
• Placenta Tissue that connects the developing
  baby to the uterus
• Umbilical Cord long tube that connects the baby
  to the placenta
• Placenta and Umbilical cord are responsible for
  taking waste away from and bringing nutrients to
  embryo

18
Fetal Stage

• Fetus developing baby during the fetal stage
• Vocal chords develop
• Digestive system and kidneys begin to function
• Movements are possible by the end of the 3rd
  month
• By 7th month fetus is capable of living outside
  uterus but will require medical intervention

19
Fetal Stage, Continued

• Fetus can
• Suck thumb
• Cough
• Sneeze
• Yawn
• Kick
• Hiccup
• Cry

20
Preparing for Birth

• Babys weight begins to shift down in 9th month-
  lightening
• Fetus is turned upside down in mothers pelvis
• Less active
• Muscles of the uterus and abdomen can be
  stretched up to 60 times their original size!
• Return to original size in about 6 weeks after
  pregnancy.

21
Assignment

• Complete Study Guide pages 33-36

22
Brainpop Video

• Fetal Development

23
Section 5-3

• Problems in Prenatal Development

24
For Discussion

• Excerpt from Helen Kellers The Story of My Life

25
Objectives

• Contrast miscarriage and stillbirth
• Identify some major birth defects
• Explain the four causes of birth defects
• Describe how birth defects can be diagnosed and
  prevented

26
Key Terms

• Amniocentesis
• Birth Defect
• Chronic Villi Sampling
• Miscarriage
• Stillbirth
• Ultrasound

27
Losing a Baby

• Sometimes babies do not develop normally
• In some cases the developing baby will die
• Before 20 weeks- miscarriage
• After 20 weeks- still birth
• Loss of an unborn child is devastating to parents
• As many as 20 percent of al pregnancies end in
  miscarriage

28
Types of Birth Defects

• Birth defect- serious problems that threatens a
  childs health or ability to live
• About 3 out of 100 children are born with a birth
  defect
• Birth defects affect
• Shape or size of the body or of certain parts of
  the body
• A part or system of the body does not work
  properly
• Not all birth defects are apparent at birth

29
Causes of Birth Defects

• Scientists still dont understand the cause of
  all birth defects
• There are 4 main causes

30
Environmental Causes

• During the first few weeks of conception all the
  babys major systems develop
• Things that affect the development of the baby
  include
• Nutritional balance of the mothers diet
• Diseases or infections the mother has
• Harmful substances the mother takes in
• Some medicines
• Exposure to outside hazards such as radiation

31
Hereditary Causes

• Thousands of genes make up a genetic blueprint-
  each person has about 5-6 imperfect recessive
  genes
• A single copy of this defective gene- no effect
• 2 copies of this genebirth defect or a dominant
  defective genebirth defect
• Some inherited conditions affect only one sex
• Ex- Hemophilia (prevents blood from clotting) and
  color blindness

32
Errors in Chromosomes

• Some birth defects are linked to a problem with
  the babys chromosomes
• Ex- too many or too few chromosomes
• The child does not inherit this condition
• Most common is down syndrome
• 1 child in every 800 births has down syndrome
• Risk is higher in mothers over 35
• Child has an extra chromosome 21

33
Interaction of Heredity and Environment

• Sometimes birth defects result from heredity and
  environment combined
• Ex- A baby may inherit the tendency for a heart
  defect but only appears if some factor- such as a
  drug or virus- affects the baby during
  development
• Researchers think this is probably the cause of
  cleft lip and spina bifida

34
Prevention and Diagnosis of Birth Defects

• Children with birth defects have difficulty
  leading normal lives
• The rest of the family is affected too
• Responsible couples do everything possible to
  minimize the possibility of birth defects

35
Genetic Counseling

• Some people seek genetic counseling
• May or may not already have a child with a birth
  defect
• Does not tell people what to do, only explains
  risks and options
• Family doctors can perform this service, but is
  best provided by a specialist
• The genetic counselor first gathers family
  histories from the couple
• Then they are given thorough medical examinations
  and sometimes tests

36
Prenatal Testing

• More than 100 birth defects can now be found
  before a baby is born
• There is not a test to tell if a child will be
  normal
• These tests can alert the physician of problems
  many times they can be taken care of before birth
  or immediately following birth
• Sometimes blood testing can reveal birth defects

37
Types of Prenatal Tests

• Ultrasound- checks for specific health problems
• Can show if the fetus is developing on schedule
• Can confirm due date
• Amniocentesis- Process of withdrawing a sample of
  amniotic fluid and then testing it for
  indications of birth defects
• About 1 out of 200 amniocentesis tests result in
  miscarriage
• Chronic Villi Sampling- Tests a small amount of
  the tissue surrounding the fetus
• Guided by a ultrasound image the doctor inserts a
  small tube throught the womans vagina into the
  uterus the samples are then obtained by snipping
  or suction
• Risk of miscarriage or birth defect is mush
  higher than amniocentesis

38
Ask the Experts

• P. 163

39
Section 5-4

• Avoiding Dangers to the Baby

40
Key Terms

• Fetal Alcohol effects
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

41
Objectives

• Identify the hazards that alcohol and other drugs
  pose to prenatal development
• Discuss other environmental hazards that pregnant
  women should avoid

42
Alcohol

• Alcohol is a drug
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- a pregnant woman who
  drinks is at risk for her child developing FAS
• Includes physical and mental problems
• 1 in 5 babies with FAS die soon after birth
• Almost all are mentally retarded
• Other problems slow growth, poor coordination,
  heart defects, and facial disfigurement
• Also, learning disabilities and hyperactivity

43
Alcohol, continued

• Fetal Alcohol Effects- less severe than FAS, but
  still suffers from some of the same problems
• Severity depends on amount consumed by mother,
  stage of pregnancy, and presence of other drugs
  in the mothers system
• Can be prevented by not drinking!
• It is not know how much alcohol will cause the
  syndrome

44
Other Drugs

• Prescription and over the counter drugs
• No such thing as a completely safe drug
• First 3 months are most critical
• Last 6 months- slowed growth, infections, and
  bleeding at birth
• Meds should not be taken unless approved by the
  doctor
• Caffeine- also a drug, can cause birth defects as
  well, not sure about amounts

45
Other Drugs, continued

• Tobacco- the more a mother smokes the smaller the
  baby will be
• Heavy smoking can cause premature birth
• Linked to respiratory infections, allergies, and
  asthma
• Illegal Drugs- a mother who is addicted to an
  illegal drug normally passes the addiction to the
  baby
• After birth the baby must go through withdrawal,
  some babies die
• Long-term effects may be serious, many of these
  children have problems following directions and
  learning disabilities

46
X Rays

• Radiation can cause birth defects as well
• Pregnant women should warn medical personnel
• Always request abdominal shields during x rays

47
Rubella

• When a pregnant woman contracts rubella babies
  can suffer with deafness, blindness, heart
  disease, or mental retardation
• Vaccines are available but can be dangerous for
  women who are pregnant or become pregnant shortly
  after the shot

48
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• Include Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Hepatitis B,
  Genital Herpes, AIDS, Group B Streptococcus,
  Chlamydia
• Can be passed from mother to child
• Can result in death or other birth defects
• You can have a STD without knowing it!
• AIDS- the virus that causes AIDS can be passed
  from mother to child