Presentation at NEPPSR

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A Future Linear ee- Collider
Presentation at NEPPSR August 21st,
2003 by Professor Homer Neal (Yale)

• What is a linear collider and what can it do
• The role of a LC in the LHC era
• The NLC/JLC/TESLA linear collider RD
  Detector(s)
• Steps to fruition

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Why leptons? The proton is not a simple object
This is a bit of an exageration because it is Au
on Au but its not far from the truth
Why electrons and not muons or tau leptons? Muon
decay creates currently insurmountable
difficultieslike neutrino radiation. Taus are
even worse.
Why linear?Small mass particles lose a lot of
energy whenaccelerated in a circle at high
energies.
Energy loss per turn
Loss 1013 worse for e than p
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Large Hadron Collider
Good luminosity and easy to get to high
energiesbut with low energy precisionand no
beam polarization Challenges high event rate
andradiation level
Lepton collider
Colliding bare partons ? collisionenergy
precisely known, polarizationcontrolable,
collision point welldetermined, energy
tunable Lower event rates and backgroundsbut
still a challenge for precise/delicate inner
detectors
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An Example of Beautiful Clean Physics at a Lepton
Linear Collider
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To this ?
Note Full NLClength not shown!!!
Fromthis ?
25 km long!
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Justifications for the push to have higher energy
colliders

• We still haven't found the Higgs and it is
  essential for understandinghow the particle
  masses are generated
• There are many indications of the existence of
  new physics accessibleat the next generation of
  colliders
• Dark matter - what is the source of all that
  matter (SUSY CDM may be the answer)
• Dark energy - why cannot we fully explain "the
  accelerating universe
• Matter dominance - If BaBar/Belle measurements
  continue to match the SM predictions, we've got a
  problem. (can we detect CP violation in the
  lepton sector)
• a cosmological time dependence (maybe some clues
  from precision high energy measurements)

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Why all the Hoopla Concerning Models like SUSY
Solves naturallness problem Divergent terms are
automatically cancelled by terms from
the superpartners potentially unifies SM
forces including gravity includes a Higgs
mechanismwith a heavy top predicted provides a
dark matter candidate could potentially have
strong enough CP violation to explain
observedmatter dominance
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Sparticle Spectrums for various SUSY Model
Parameter Sets
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Even if you don't believe in SUSY or even in the
Higgs, it is essentially impossible to construct
a model where there is not some new physics that
will be discovered by the future colliders.
Answers/Resolutions to these issues will results
from discovery of new physics along with
precision measurements that will elucidate what
model is the correct model of nature.
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Conclusions from "The Case for a 500 GeV ee-
Linear Collider"

• All known models with a fundamental Higgs boson
  satisfy mh lt 205 GeV
• Any model using the current EW data that has
  mhgt500 GeV predicts other observable new physics
  phenomena at lt 500 GeV
• The lightest SUSY particles are most probable to
  appear at lt 500 GeV and all charginos/neutralinos
  at lt 800 GeV
• The observation of no new physics at LHC would
  increase the necessity of precision EW
  measurements at the LC

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The Justification for a LHC and a LC
As in the past, the physics progress greatly
benefits from having hadron and lepton machines
operating simultaneously.
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While the main role of discovery will go to the
LHC,the future linear collider will be essential
in clarifyingwhat those discoveries are and for
measuring the properties of any new
particles(mass, spin, couplings). The LC and
LHC play a symbiotic role. The discoveries at the
LHC will be analyzed by the LC and in term
provide feedback essentialfor further LHC
exploration.
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Furthermore, there are many measurements/observati
onsthat will only be possible at either the LHC
or the LC Its quite possible that LHC will see
a wealth of signals and will need the lc to
determine what some of those are and in turn
influence what the lhc running program should be,
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There are many competing physics processes
and the polarization help to separate and verify
processes
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Feeding in LC results in to Analysis Sparticle
Masses at LHC
From the analysis of SUSY (SPS) point 1a at ATLAS
and CMS
Reconstructed masses of squarks and gluinos are
correlated tothe mass of the neutralino through
the analysisof the sparticles in the decay chain
Using the measurement of fromthe LC
greatly improves the LHC massmeasurement for
other sparticles
Gjelsten, Lykten, Miller, Osland, Polesello
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We thank the Higgs is almost in the bag ...
CMS/ATLAS should easily see it, but they'll need
the LC to verify that it is indeed the Higgs and
to make precision measurements of its properties.
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The Higgs at a LC
Measurement of the Higgs branching ratios allows
one to verify that it is indeed the Higgs that
you've found!
ee-Zh produces 40,000 Higgs/year Clean initial
state gives precision Higgs mass
measurement Model independent Higgs branching
ratios
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Precission Higgs Mass Measurements
Expected Higgs signal at a 500 GeV LC for 30 /fb
very clean .... very precise
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In many parts of the parameter space, only a
single Higgs decay mode can be observed by LHC
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Extrapolation of the susy mass parameters
measured at a LC from theTeV scale to the grand
unification scale.
gluinos and squarks mass parameters
gaugino mass parameters
from selectron measurements
Note Very difficult to do at LHC
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Precision Measurements
A LC could run at the Z polewith high luminosity
yieldingGiga Z's per year. Also, there exist
the possibility of having a dedicated low energy
interaction region detector for either physics at
the Z, W-pair or top pair threshold.
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extra-dimensions many theories for explaining
the weakness of gravityand even the time
evolution of a involve models with an
extra-dimension.A LC could observe the pressence
of this extra dimension.
Some More Fun Physics
Physics Today, February, 2002
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Linear
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Polarizing the beams
P. Saez et al.
Much more difficult for positrons!!!!
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• At issue
• An ee- linear collider
• operating at about a TeV with possible upgrade to
  several TeV
• 1034 cm2/sec (300 fb-1/yr)
• with one or two detectors
• polarized electron beam (Pe 80)
• possibly a polarized positron beam
• possibly a gamma-gamma collision option
• either warm or cold acceleration technology
• A long-term facility with regional control and
  analysis centers
• around the globe.

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World Wide Effort US/North America Japan (The
Asian Committee for Future Accelerators
) Europe (the European Committee for Future
Accelerators )
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The Next Linear Collider (NLC) North American
Style

• Baseline design
• 25 km site
• two 10 km linacs sized for 1 TeV
• fill ½ of linacs for 500 GeV
• Final focus, Injector design for 1.5 TeV.
  
• Possibly two IRs one for TeV collisions
  the other operating upto 500
  GeV
• Electron Polarization?80

• Possibilities
• Positron polarization
• e- e- collision
• gg collisions

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Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA _at_
SLAC) Small accelerator prototype The Final
Focus Test Beam facility (FFTB _at_ SLAC)
developing and validating the optical design of
linear collider final beam focus systems for
obtaining stable and extremely narrow
beams. Accelerator Test Facility (ATF _at_
Kou Enerugii Kosokuki Kenkyuu Kikou) A test
damping ring for the low emittance beams required
for the NLC The Accelerator Structure SETup
(ASSET)
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A Sample of LC Accelerator Projects (from the
Himmel List)
ID 104 project_size skill_type
short project description Processing of
superconducting half-cells before welding
(chemistry, Ti vacuum bake) ID 116
project_size skill_type short project
description Low Level RF System Simulations ID
95 project_size small skill_type
physicist short project description Remote
operation of TESLA Test Facility linac at
DESY ID 96 project_size small
skill_type physicist short project description
Remote operation of Photoinjector Laboratory
(FNPL) at Fermilab ID 97 project_size
skill_type physicist short project
description Consider needs of LC remote
operation system ID 98 project_size
large skill_type short project
description Accelerator Control and Machine
Protection System (MPS) ID 99
project_size small skill_type materials
science short project description Mechanical
properties and microstructure, metallic and
interstitial gases, material specification. ID
100 project_size skill_type
materials science short project description RRR
issues - hydrogen degassing, Ti firing, low
temperature bakeout. ID 101
project_size medium skill_type
physicist short project description Improved
scanning of superconducting materials - eddy
current, squids ID 103 project_size
large skill_type materials science short
project description Explore the use of
materials other than Nb in superconducting
cavities, e.g., Nb3Sn. ID 105
project_size small skill_type short
project description TESLA Cavity Flanges and
Seals. ID 111 project_size
skill_type short project description low
level RF Digital Feedback Hardware
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• 75MW
• 1.6 ms
• 120 Hz

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Solution found for problem with deterioration at
input to acceleration structure!!!
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- from Torr Robenheimer
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JLC
from JLC Roadmap Report Draft releasedFebruary
12, 2003
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TESLA Specifications total length of the
facility 33 km (including two 15-kilometer
acceleration sections) accelerator tunnel with
approx. 5 m diameter collision energy of 500
GeV X-ray wavelength of 5 to 0.05 nanometer
20k superconducting accelerating structures
operating temperature of 2 K, i.e. -271 deg
Celsius depth underground 10 - 30 meters
collision points/particle physics experiments
Initially one(expandable to two, in an
underground hall) number of cryogenic halls 7
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The Tesla layout taken from the completed TESLA
TDR.
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The TESLA high gradient superconducting
accelerating cavities For a 500 GeV center of
mass linear collider needs accelerating fieldsof
about 25 MV/m. 800 GeV requires about 35 MV/m.

• cavity frequency 1.3 GHz standing wave pi-mode
  operation
• operation temperature 2 K (-271 deg Celsius)
• cavity bandwidth approx. 400 Hz
• material Niobium with high thermal conductivity
• fabrication technique
• electron beam welding
• hydro forming
• spinning

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A Proposed Schedule for TESLA
studies at the TESLA Test
Facility 1999 / 2000 demonstration of
the new SASE FEL principle 1999 / 2000
complete project proposal, approval 2001
project ready for final decision 2001 /
2002 estimated construction time 6
to 8 years
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Tunnel Route In order to fully exploit the
research potential of the new facility, the TESLA
tunnel must be constructed as an exact extension
of the western straight section of the HERA
accelerator In other words, the TESLA
tunnel will begin on the DESY site in Hamburg
and run in a north-northwesterly direction
through the district of Pinneberg in
Schleswig-Holstein The electron-positron
collision zone lies on the outskirts of
Ellerhoop, some 16.5 kilometers from DESY. When
complete, the site will accommodate the
underground hall for particle physics experiments
and an X-ray laser facility. It will also house
various supply and infrastructural facilities
In addition, seven large supply halls, all
with access to the tunnel, will be strategically
located along the route.
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Free Electron Laser for X-rays Extremely high
beam currents would be produced at very low beam
emittance, i.e. very high beam quality. The basis
of the FEL principle for wavelengths within the
nanometer region and below it can be summarized
as follows short electron bunches are made to
emit coherent synchrotron radiation while passing
through a long undulator - a long magnetic
structure with rapidly alternating field
directions. The goal of the TTF FEL is a unique
source of coherent radiation in the VUV range,
i.e. with wavelengths of approx. 6 nanometers.
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US involvement in TESLA APS/Argonne,
Chicago, IL Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY Fermilab, Batavia, IL Thomas
Jefferson National Laboratory, Newport News, VA
UCLA Dep.of Physics, Los Angeles, LA
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A 1 TeV machine doesn't mean that that's its
limit. Remember LEPII got to higher and higher
energies during a given run with mini-ramps using
a similar concept. Energy and luminosity can be
played against each other.
D. Burke
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• Photon-Photon Option would allow
• direct production of positive charge parity
  resonances such the SM Higgs boson
• production of heavy Higgs bosons with masses lt
  1.5 ECM
• pair production of charged Higgs bosons with 10x
  the cross-section for electron-positron collisions

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Upgrade Paths
Pulse structure most suitable for adding onto a
warm LC.
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The LC Detector(s)
TESLA detectors
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• Detector Challenges in Comparison to those for
  ATLAS/CMS
• http//blueox.uoregon.edu/lc/randd.html
• 3-6 times closer inner vertex layer to the IP
  (higher vertexing precision),
• 30 times smaller vertex detector pixel sizes
  (improved position resolution andtwo-track
  resolution),
• 30 times thinner vertex detector layers (reduced
  multiple scattering and photon conversions),
• 6 times less material in the tracker (better
  momentum resolution and reduced photon
  conversions),
• 10 times better track momentum resolution (better
  event selection purity) and
• 200 times higher granularity of the
  electromagnetic calorimeter, enabling
  sophisticated energy flow algorithms.
• However, the radiation hardness requirements are
  significantly less than at the LHC.

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The NLC Large Detector Current Model
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Large Detector Tracking Systems
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The Vertexing as an Example of Required RD
The detector has to be made tolerant to the ee-
pairs produced at whatever radius is chosen.
levels at JLC/NLC/TESLA expected to be 100 to
1000x higher than at SLC the neutron backgrounds
are expected to be 3 x 108 neutrons/cm2/sec (als
o 100 to 1000x higher than at SLC)
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The background and bunch structurestress the
vertex detector readout
Background in VXD at 1.5 cm with B3 Tesla4x10-6
hits/pixel/bunch(NLC/JLC), 12x10-6
hits/pixel/bunch(TESLA) Requirement for NLC/JLC
8 msec readout time Requirement for TESLA 50
msec (due to large number of bunches in
a pulse train) Expect to achieve a readout rate
of 25µ50 MHz Remaining factor of improvement can
be obtained from increasing the number of readout
channel VXD 4 JLC
JLC/NLC 36 for 25 MHz TESLA 3000 readout
amplifiers at 50 Mhz
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The detectors have to be thinned to reduce
multiple- scattering and sensitivity
to backgrounds.
Have to find a way to support thinned structures
without break them!
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Estimated Detector Costs
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International Organizing Committee of the
Worldwide Study of Physics and Detectors for
Future Linear ee- Colliders Co-chairs
Charles Baltay, Yale University Sachio
Komamiya, University of Tokyo David Miller,
U. C. London North American Committee Members
Jim Brau, University of Oregon (USA)
Robert Carnegie, (Canada) Paul Grannis,
SUNY, Stony Brook (USA) Mark Oreglia,
University of Chicago (USA) Charles
Prescott, SLAC (USA) Asian Committee Members
Shinhong Kim, Tsukuba University (Japan)
Joo Sang Kang, Korea University Seoul (Korea)
Takayuki Matsui, KEK (Japan) G. P. Yeh,
Taiwan Tao Huang, University of Beijing
(China) European Committee Members
Michael Danilov, ITEP (Russia) Rolf Heuer,
CERN/DESY (Germany) Marcello Piccolo,
Frascati (Italy) Francois Richard, Orsay
(France) Ron Settles, Munich (Germany)
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• The American Linear Collider Physics Group
• Leaders
• Jim Brau (U. Oregon, jimbrau_at_faraday.uoregon.edu)
  
• Mark Oreglia (U. Chicago, oreglia_at_hep.uchicago.ed
  u)
• Executive committee
• Ed Blucher (University of Chicago,
  blucher_at_hep.uchicago.edu)
• Dave Gerdes (University of Michigan,
  gerdes_at_umich.edu)
• Lawrence Gibbons (Cornell, lkg_at_mail.lns.cornel
  l.edu)
• Dean Karlen (University of Victoria,
  karlen_at_uvic.ca)
• Young-Kee Kim (University of California,
  Berkeley, ykkim_at_lbl.gov)
• Hitoshi Murayama (University of California,
  Berkeley, murayama_at_hitoshi.berkeley.edu)
• Jeff Richman (University of California, Santa
  Barbara, richman_at_hep.ucsb.edu)
• Rick Van Kooten (Indiana University,
  rickv_at_paoli.physics.indiana.edu)

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Groups within the ALCPG

• Detector and Physics Simulations
• Vertex Detector
• Tracking
• Particle I.D.
• Calorimetry
• Muon Detector
• Data Acquisition, Magnet, and
  Infrastructure
• Interaction Regions, Backgrounds Stan
  Hertzbach
• IP Beam Instrumentation
• Higgs
• SUSY
• New Physics at the TeV Scale and Beyond
• Radiative Corrections (Loopverein)
• Top Physics, QCD, and Two Photon
• Precision Electroweak
• gamma-gamma, e-gamma Options
• e-e-
• LHC/LC Study Group

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Getting support from DOE for University LC RD
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Globalisation
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DESY PRESS INFORMATION, Hamburg, November 18,
2002 German Science Council Recommends
International Accelerator Project TESLA The
German Science Council, an agency of the German
government, assessed the TESLA project planned by
the research center DESY in cooperation with
international partners to, be worthy of support
under certain conditions. The assessments of nine
appraised large scale facilities for basic
research in the natural sciences have been
published today. "We are very glad that the
Science Council changed its first positive
statement about TESLA to the German federal
government to a recommendation, and we are
looking forward to hear the upcoming evaluations"
said Professor Albrecht Wagner, chairman of the
DESY Directorate, "since we have complied with
the conditions posed by the Science
Council". The Science Council listed two
conditions in its first evaluation statement to
detail the project proposal for the
superconducting electron-positron linear collider
with respect to international funding and
cooperation, and to present a revised technical
project proposal for the TESLA X-ray laser
version with a separate linear accelerator. In
October, DESY sent the corresponding papers to
the Science Council a draft for the
administrative, organizational and financial
structures of an international linear collider
collaboration and a complementary technical
project proposal for the X-ray laser as well as a
respective memorandum for each theme, including
the current scientific-political developments.
These papers will influence the further
evaluation. The final decision of the federal
government regarding the TESLA project is
expected in 2003. TESLA stands for TeV-Energy
Superconducting Linear Accelerator - a particle
accelerator facility operating at
teraelectronvolt energy which is being developed
in an international collaboration. TESLA
comprises of a 33-kilometer-long linear
accelerator bringing electrons into collision
with their antiparticles, the positrons, and an
X-ray laser laboratory. The special feature of
the new facility A new type of superconducting
accelerators allow collisions between particles
at an extremely high level of energy and serve as
a source of intense and extremely short X-ray
flashes with laser properties. The TESLA X-ray
lasers will offer new perspectives for research
in different disciplines - from physics and
chemistry to biology, materials research and
medicine. TESLA is to be established and operated
as an international research center. Development
work for the TESLA project - which is to be
realized in Hamburg and the region of Pinneberg
(Schleswig-Holstein) - is currently being carried
out within a large international collaboration
upon the initiative and under the leadership of
DESY. Meanwhile, 46 institutes from 12 countries
are involved in developing and testing the
innovative TESLA technology at a test facility at
DESY. The results obtained so far in the
development of the superconducting accelerator
technology and the X-ray laser are milestones
that have been acknowledged all over the
world. www.wissenschaftsrat.de
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Here is a translation of today's press release
from the German Federal Ministry for Education
and Research. See http//www.bmbf.de/presse01/798
.html for the original. Andreas
Kronfeld BULMAHN GIVES GREEN LIGHT TO LARGE-SCALE
FACILITIES thereby ensuring Germany's
international top position in basic
research Edelgard Bulmahn is the minister for
research. There are four paragraphs in which she
says how important basic research in science is
for Germany. I don't have time to translate it
all. It says that 1.6 Billion Euro are planned
for large projects, and that these large projects
require close international cooperation. Scroll
down to Entscheidung über die Großgeräte der
naturwissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung'',
and I'll start from there. Decision on
Large-scale Facilities for Basic Research in the
Natural Sciences ........ - The reseach center
DESY in Hamburg shall receive a new kind of free
electron laser. Because of the location of the
site, Germany is prepared to carry half of the
673 million Euro investment cost. Discussions on
European cooperation will proceed expeditiously,
so that in about two years a construction
decision can be taken. Constructionwill take
about six years. Today no German site for the
TESLA linear collider will be put forward. This
decision is connected to plans to operate this
project within a world-wide collaboration.
Therefore, one must wait on developments abroad.
On the question of site, it is neither sensible
nor necessary for Germany to act alone. DESY
will, however, be allowed to continue its
research work on TESLA in the existing
international framework, to facilitate German
participation in a future global project.
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The decisions of the German Ministry for
Education and Research concerning TESLA was
published on 5 February 2003 TESLA X-FEL DESY
in Hamburg will receive the X-FEL Germany is
prepared to carry half of the 673 MEuro
investment cost. Discussions on European
cooperation will proceed expeditiously, so that
in about two years a construction decision can be
taken. TESLA Collider Today no German site for
the TESLA linear collider will be put forward.
This decision is connected to plans to operate
this project within a world-wide
collaboration DESY will continue its research
work on TESLA in the existing international
framework, to facilitate German participation in
a future global project
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Consequences for the LC

• The path chosen by TESLA to move towards approval
  was recommended by the German Science Council and
  is generally considered to be the fastest one.
• Community will now take the other path used for
  international projects (e.g. ITER)
• unite first behind one project with all its
  aspects, including the technology choice, and
  then
• approach all possible governments in parallel in
  order to trigger the decision process and site
  selection.
• ICFA initiative for an international
  co-ordination

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Auger
PLANCK
LISA
SNAP/LSST
WMAP
GLAST
LHC Upgrade
Tevatron
LHC
2003
2020
2007
2010
2012
2015
2018
LC Phase I
J. Hewett
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Reconstructing the Higgs Potential

• V(?H) mH2?H2/2 ?v?H3 ??H4/4
• Assume ? ? ?SM mH2 /2v 2
• Higgs self-coupling determined with better
  accuracy at
• LC for mH lt 140 GeV
• LHC for mH gt 140 GeV
• LHC measurements improve with LC input on Higgs
  properties

Baur, Plehn, Rainwater


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Specific US Issues
What is the future for physics in the US???? If
the only possibility is to build the facility in
europe or Japan, will the US government provide
its share of the funding for a facility
abroad? Will the US physicists being content
having the only major HEP facilities outside the
country? What will become of Fermilab? What
will SLAC's role be even if the facility is built
in the US? How do you invision using the
regional centers for students? How to make the
case to the government?
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July 14, 2003
American Linear Collider Workshop
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(from HEPAP report) RECOMMENDATION 1 We
recommend that the United States take steps to
remain a world leader in the vital and exciting
field of particle physics, through a broad
program of research focused on the frontiers of
matter, energy, space and time. The U.S. has
achieved its leadership position through the
generous support of the American people. We
renew and reaffirm our commitment to return full
value for the considerable investment made by our
fellow citizens. This commitment includes, but
is not limited to, sharing our intellectual
insights through education and outreach,
providing highly trained scientific and technical
manpower to help drive the economy, and
developing new technologies that foster the
health, wealth and security of our nation and of
society at large. RECOMMENDATION 3 We
recommend that the highest priority of the U.S.
program be a high-energy, high-luminosity,
electron-positron linear collider, wherever it is
built in the world. This facility is the next
major step in the field and should be designed,
built and operated as a fully international
effort. We also recommend that the United
States take a leadership position in forming the
international collaboration needed to develop a
final design, build and operate this machine.
The U.S. participation should be undertaken as a
partnership between DOE and NSF, with the full
involvement of the entire particle physics
community. We urge the immediate creation of a
steering group to coordinate all U.S. efforts
toward a linear collider.
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Words of Motivation from Neil Calder
In the last 10 years there has been a revolution
in our concept of the Universe and the realities
of our new knowledge are much stranger than could
have been imagined. The ingredients of our
universe were first accurately measured as
recently as March this year. The results are
staggering - 4 Atoms, 23 Dark Matter, 73 Dark
Energy. The implications of this new
understanding are enormous. We, and everything we
can see with our most powerful instruments, make
up only 4 of the Universe. We are a tiny
minority. The rest is waiting to be discovered.
We are at a turning point in the history of
knowledge. Has there ever been more compelling
challenge for exploration? The Linear Collider is
the key to understanding this weird and
wonderful universe that we inhabit.   Making
precise measurements is the name of the game and
only accelerator based experiments can provide
the controlled conditions needed to make sense of
the new cosmological observations. Measure,
measure, measure is the imperative for historic
discoveries! The Linear Collider will not only
investigate new frontiers in physics and
technology but also in international science
collaboration. This project will go ahead as a
closely coordinated international collaboration,
with shared costs and shared benefits, on a scale
and scope never before seen in science. The US is
the worlds foremost scientific nation.
Participation in the Linear Collider will
reinforce this leadership and give our young
scientists the challenge of taking part in the
most exciting scientific quest of the 21st
century.
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• Its an exciting time for high-energy physics and
  its exploration through a new generation of
  high-energy colliders
• The case for a high energy ee- LC is strong
• There are many opportunities for research and
  development and a new push is being made to
  reenergize the effort in the US
• While the path through the red-tape is not
  obvious and serious thought is needed, the main
  focus should be on the importance of the physics
  and the thorough design of the accelerator and
  detector.