Mobile Computing

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Mobile Computing

• Lecturer Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng
• Office RB-503
• URL http//santos.ee.ntu.edu.tw/wen

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Chapter 0

• Before the Course

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Why and Who Will Be Mobile
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Telecom Networks/Systems

• Wired Networks (Internet)
• Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Public Data Networks, i.e., WANs
• Wireless Networks
• Wireless LANs
• Mobile Data Networks
• Fixed Telephone Networks, i.e., Public Switched
  Telephone Networks (PSTNs)
• Mobile Phone Systems

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Telecom Statistics
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000
Note According to Jan. 2001 statistics, total
mobile phone subscribers are 18.3M in
which CHT 4.7M(25.7), and others 13.61M(74.3)
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Some Forecasts

• In 3 years, Internet traffic will grow to 10,000
  times of its current level.
• Global e-business revenue will grow 86 per year
  to 1.4 Trillion in 2003.
• Bandwidth consumption will grow by a factor of
  100 to 200 over the next four years.

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What is Mobile Computing?

• Mobile Computing is also known as Ubiquitous
  Computing (anywhere, anytime, any device)
• The scope covered by Mobile Computing roughly
  includes Mobile Data, Wireless LANs and Ad Hoc
  Networks

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Mobile Computing Chart
Verticals
Horizontals
Applications
Mobile operation systems
Operating systems
Notebooks
PDAs
Phones
Others
Devices
WANs
LANs
Wireless networks
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Application Layer

• Vertical applications those applied to a
  function part of an industry such as field sales
  and field service, or to specific market segment
  such as banking or health care
• Horizontal applications those applied to many
  people across most market segments

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Operation Systems Layer

• This layer provides tools for application
  programmers to access different mobile devices
  and different wireless networks
• A key layer to rapid growth of wireless
  networking and proliferation of applications

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Device Layer

• All the mobile devices we carry with us
• Notebooks (NBs)
• Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
• Cellular phones
• Personal communicators
• Combination devices
• Combination devices are now rapidly emerging

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Wireless Networks Layer

• The Wireless Wide Area Network (WAN) is also
  called Mobile Data including
• Packet networks RAM/Mobitex, ARDIS/Modacom
• Paging networks
• Data over cellular CDPD (over AMPS), GPRS (over
  GSM)
• Data over satellite
• Wireless LANs with much higher rate but smaller
  coverage than Mobile Data networks

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Applications Market by 2005
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Field Sales Application

• Sales quotation
• Inventory check
• Order entry
• Credit authorization
• Invoicing

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Field Service Application

• Obtaining a maintenance history of the item
  requiring service
• Performing complex diagnostics that require
  access to databases and applications at other
  locations
• Checking parts inventory if required
• Updating the maintenance database after the
  service is done
• Invoicing for the job
• Real-time dispatching of the field engineer

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Transportation Application

• The oldest application
• Including
• Automatically locating the vehicle
• Dispatching the vehicle to the next job
• Routing the vehicle if required
• Capturing data from the vehicle

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Personal Communications Application

• Messaging
• Calendaring
• Directories
• Info Systems
• Fax

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Mobile Office Application

• Fax
• E-mail
• LAN access
• File transfer
• Database access

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Vertical Market Examples

• Airlines
• Police
• Field sales
• Emergency
• Hospitals
• Maintenance
• Retail stores

• Stock exchanges
• Casinos
• Hotel
• Taxicabs
• Rental car agencies
• Transportation

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Challenges

• Security
• User authentication
• Data privacy
• Privacy of user location
• Bandwidth
• Limited bandwidth (10K10M)

• Software
• Still in its infancy
• The main/ biggest reason for late data
  implementations
• Safety
• Radiation is harmful to human beings
• Trends low power, thus less radiation

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Horizontal Application Examples

• Near term horizontal applications (LAN app.)
• Dynamic work environment
• Trade show
• conference
• Difficult to wire areas
• New employees who need immediate service
• Broad-based horizontal applications (WAN app.)
• Wireless meeting
• Wireless traveler
• Interactive TV

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Positioning of Wireless Networking
Wireless Data Today Future
Mobile Data 10 Kbps 100 Kbps
Wireless LANs 1 Mbps 10 Mbps
Wired Data Today Future
Wired Data 100 Kbps gt1 Mbps
Wired LANs 10 Mbps gt100 Mbps

• Comparison between wireless data wired data
  capacities
• Position of wireless networks relative to wired
  networks
• Not a replacement but an extension to wired
  networks

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Evolution of Mobile Communication Systems
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Cellular Networks

• North America
• 1G
• AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) Analog
• 2G
• NAMPS Analog
• TDMA (IS-54, IS-136) Digital
• CDMA (IS-95) Digital
• 3G
• IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications
  for the year 2000) Digital

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Cellular Networks

• European
• 1G
• TACS (Total Access Communication System) Analog
• NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) Analog NMT-450,
  NMT-900
• 2G
• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
  Digital GSM900, DCS1800, DCS1900
• 3G
• UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
  Systems) Digital

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Cellular Networks

• Japan
• 2G
• PDC (Personal Digital Cellular)
• Germany
• 1G
• C-Nets
• 2G
• GSM

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Cordless Telephones

• European
• CT1, CT2 (Cordless Telephone, second generation)
• DECT (Digital European Cordless
  Telecommunications)
• America
• PACS (Personal Access Communications System)
• Canada
• CT2Plus (CT2, enhanced version)
• Japan
• PHS (Personal Handyphone System)

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Packet Networks

• RAM/Mobitex,
• ARDIS/Modacom
• TETRA (Trans European Trunked Radio System)

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Data over Cellular

• CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data, over AMPS)
• GPRS-136 (over IS-136 TDMA)
• IS-95B (over CDMA)
• HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data)
• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service, over GSM)
• EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)
• ECSD (Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data
  circuit-mode)
• EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS packet-mode)

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Paging

• Germany, France, Switzerland
• Eurosignal in 1970s
• Pan-European
• ERMES (European Radio Message System) in 1992

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Coverage and Bit Rate
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Migration
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Evolution of Mobile Data
1.SMS Messaging 2.Web Mail 3.Information
Services 4.Financial Services- Information
Access 5.Financial Services -
transactions 6.Mobile banking 7.Mobile
Shopping 8.Internet Access
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GPRS OVERVIEW
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Data Services from GSM to GPRS
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GPRS Main Improvements

• Higher transmission rates
• four new coding schemes allow different data
  rates ofCS-1 9.05 kbit/s, CS-2 13.4 kbit/s (in
  10/00)
• CS-3 15.6 kbit/s, CS-4 21.4 kbit/s (in E/01)
• channel combining
• Increased radio resource efficiency
• radio resources will be used only during data
  transmission
• shared access of the same channel
• Connection of GSM and IP world
• Volume dependent charging
• Faster session set-up
• Always connected

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WAP Migration from GSM to GPRS
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Integration of 2G and 3G
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Conceptual Network Architecture of GPRS / 3G
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3G Introduction
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The Third Generation Systems

• Specifications 3GPP WCDMA 3GPP2 CDMA2000
• High data rate for Video transmission and
  networking
• Main applications audio video phones?stock
  exchange? e-mail?mobile banking?mobile
  Internet?e-maps?Information or news etc.
  

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Characteristics of 3G

• Wideband CDMA
• Multimedia applications
• better audio quality
• increased capacity
• better bandwidth efficiency
• high data rate
• integration with 2G systems
• global roaming

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Data Transmission Rate

• Outdoor (rural)
• maximum rate 144 kbit/s
• maximum speed 500 km/h
• Outdoor (suburb)
• maximum rate 384 kbit/s
• maximum speed 120 km/h
• Indoor and Metropolitan
• maximum rate 2 Mbit/s
• maximum speed 10 km/h

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What are the Driving Forces ? Mobile Internet
Services Applications
Downloading a 2MBytes music file

• CSD at 9.6 kbit/s
• GPRS at 100 kbit/s
• EDGE at 384 kbit/s
• UMTS at 2 Mbit/s

30 mn
3 mn
41 s
8 s
2
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Conceptual Service Diagram
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Multimedia Services
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Voice and Data Markets
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Mobile and Internet Markets
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M-Business Mobile and internet
1995
2000
2005
2010
Source Ovum, ICN M CM
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3G Terminals
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Trends of Handsets
TEXT
FILES
VIDEO CLIPS
Typical applications
Web browsing business processes leisure
services e-commerce
Simple messaging Event notification Push/pull
info services Simple e-commerce
E-commerce (interactive shopping, adverts
etc) Entertainment services Business processes
Typical file size
.DOC (text) 200 kB .XL (s/sheet)
200 kB .PPT (graphics) 1,000 kB .GIF (photo)
100 kB .HTML (web page) 30 kB
SMS 0.2 kB E-mail 5 kB WML 2 kB
MPEG-4 (30sec video) 4 MB MPEG-3 (3 min audio)
2 MB
GSM
GPRS
EDGE/UMTS
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Concepts of 3G Handsets

• Data Rates 384k2M bps
• Color screen of high resolution
• and quality
• Support multimedia
• Dual mode (GSM/UMTS) operation
• Bluetooth transmission viable
• Global roaming

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Products Demo
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