Urban Growth and Transportation

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Urban Growth and Transportation
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The paved paradise and put up a parking lot.
They took all the trees and put them in tree
museum. And they charged all the people a
dollar and a half just to see them. Joni
Mitchell
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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Spatial Patterns of Urban Development
• Lateral Growth Patterns
• Vertical Growth Patterns

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Spatial Patterns of Urban Development
• Lateral Growth Patterns
• Concentric-Circle Model
• Sector Model
• Multiple-Nuclei Model

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Spatial Patterns of Urban Development
• Lateral Growth Patterns
• Concentric-Circle Model
• Growth outward from Central Business District
  (CBD)
• New York City

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Concentric-Circle Model of Urban Development
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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Spatial Patterns of Urban Development
• Lateral Growth Patterns
• Sector Model
• City develops in system of pie-shaped wedges
  outward from CBD
• San Francisco-San Jose

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Sector Model of Urban Development
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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Spatial Patterns of Urban Development
• Lateral Growth Patterns
• Multiple-Nuclei Model
• City develops around number of independent
  centers or satellite cities
• Los Angeles

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Multiple Nuclei Model of Urban Development
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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Spatial Patterns of Urban Development
• Vertical Growth
• Lack of land available for conversion to urban
  land
• City grows upward
• High population density
• Hong Kong Tokyo

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Spatial Patterns of Urban Development
• Building New Cities and Towns
• Satellite towns
• Located close to an existing large city
• Freestanding new towns
• Located far from any major city
• In-town new towns
• Located in existing urban areas

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Spatial Patterns of Urban Development
• Building New Cities and Towns
• Rarely succeed without enormous financial support
• Most fail due to enormous debt load
• Reston, VA
• Columbia, MD
• Las Colinas, TX

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Land Conversion and Disruption of Rural Areas
• Environmental Impacts
• Strain on rural infrastructure
• Traffic congestion
• Fire and police protection
• Water supplies
• Wastewater treatment
• Crime

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Land Conversion and Disruption of Rural Areas
• Environmental Impacts
• Strain on rural infrastructure
• Schools
• Noise
• Water and air pollution

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Land Conversion and Disruption of Rural Areas
• Economic Impacts
• Increased jobs
• Economic growth
• Rising prices
• Higher property taxes

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Transportation Options
• Individual Transit
• Automobiles
• Motor Cycles
• Bicycles
• Mass Transit
• Bus
• Rail

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U.S. Transportation Patterns
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U.S. Transportation Patterns
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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Motor Vehicles
• 550 million vehicles worldwide
• gt10X increase in vehicles since 1950
• 89 vehicles are in MDCs

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Motor Vehicles
• United States
• 4.8 world population
• 36 of all cars in world
• Car usage
• 98 of all urban transportation
• 85 of all travel between cities
• 84 of all travel to and from work

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Motor Vehicles
• U.S. Interstate Highway System
• Highways
• City-to-city travel
• Spurred rapid growth of suburbs

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Motor Vehicles
• Freeways/Beltways
• Bypass cities
• Spurred suburb-to-suburb travel
• Spurred growth of shopping malls

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• U.S. Trends in Mass Transit
• 1945 24 million riders
• 1980 8 million

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• Reasons for decreased ridership
• Increased use of automobile
• Development of dispersed city
• Cheap gasoline
• Affordable cars
• Gasoline taxes used to build highways

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• Reasons for decreased ridership
• Dismantlement of trolley system
• 1917 - all major U.S. cities had efficient
  trolleys or electric streetcars
• 1950 - dismantling of privately-owned streetcars
  by National City Lines (GM, Firestone, Standard
  Oil)

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• Reasons for decreased ridership
• Huge federal investment in interstate highway
  system
• 64,000 miles of interstate highway
• 1/10th of federal gasoline tax goes to mass
  transit 9/10 goes to building highways

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• Reasons for decreased ridership
• Federal tax code discriminates against mass
  transit and those who cycle/walk to work
• Employers can deduct the entire expense of
  providing parking for their workers
• Employers get only 15 per month tax write-off
  for employees who take mass transit
• Tax benefits for company cars

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• Rail Systems
• Rapid Rail
• Operate on exclusive rights-of-ways or on
  elevated tracks (CTA)
• Suburban/Regional Trains
• Connect central cities with suburbs (Metra)

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Potential Routes for High Speed Bullet Trains
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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• Rail Systems
• Streetcars
• Move on regular streets with other traffic
• Light Rail (trolleys)
• Modern version of streetcars

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• Buses
• Cheaper and more flexible than rail systems
• Can be easily rerouted within cities to meet
  changing transportation patterns
• Lower operating costs than rail systems
• Most energy-efficient approach is use of express
  buses coupled with park-and-ride

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• Bicycles
• Worldwide 2X as many bikes as cars
• Bike riders can make most trips under 5 miles
  faster than a car!
• Trips lt 5 miles comprise 43 of all trips in the
  U.S.

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• Bicycles
• U.S. - 2 of all commuters to and from work ride
  bikes
• Netherlands - 30 of all urban trips are made
  using bikes

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Urban Growth and Transportation

• Transportation and Urban Development
• Mass Transit
• Bicycles
• Ways to increase bicycle use
• Building well-maintained/well-lit paths
• Widening shoulders on major highways
• Providing bicycle lockers and racks on mass
  transit
• Establishing bike-carrying buses