The Language of Medicine

1
Cardiovascular System and Blood Dr. Michael P.
Gillespie
2
Chapter Goals

• Identify terms relating to the composition,
  formation, and function of blood.
• Differentiate among the different types of blood
  groups.
• Identify terms related to blood clotting.
• Build words and recognize combining forms used in
  blood system terminology.

3
Chapter Goals

• Describe various pathologic conditions affecting
  blood.
• Describe various laboratory tests and clinical
  procedures used with hematologic disorders, and
  recognize relevant abbreviations.
• Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical
  terms in their proper contexts, such as medical
  reports and records.

4
Introduction

• Blood Transports foods, gases, and wastes to and
  from the cells of the body
• Other transported items
• chemical messengers
• blood proteins, white blood cells, and platelets

5
Composition of Blood

• cells
• plasma
• water
• proteins

• sugar
• salts
• hormones
• vitamins

6
Cell Types and Function

• Erythrocytes red blood cells transport
  nutrients and oxygen
• Leukocytes white blood cells
• Thrombocytes platelets clot blood

7
Cell Types and Function

• Leukocytes or white blood cells
• basophils contain heparin (prevents clotting)
  and histamine (involved in allergic responses)
• eosinophils phagocytic cells involved in
  allergic responses and parasitic infections
• neutrophils phagocytic cells that accumulate at
  sites of infection
• monocytes phagocytic cells that become
  macrophage and digest bacteria and tissue debris
• lymphocytes control the immune response make
  antibodies to antigens

8
Stages in Blood Development (Hematopoiesis)
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Review Composition of Blood
10
Plasma

• Plasma Proteins
• albumin
• globulins immunoglobulins
• (IgG,IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE)
• fibrinogen
• prothrombin

11
Blood Types

• Type A A antigen and anti-B antibody
• Type B B antigen and anti-A antibody
• Type AB A and B antigens and no antibodies
  (universal recipient)
• Type O no A or B antigens and both anti-A and
  anti-B antibodies (universal donor)
• Rh factor (positive and negative)

12
Blood Clotting

• Coagulation fibrin clot
• Anticoagulants heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)

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QUICK QUIZ

• The blood contains the following to transport
  oxygen
• white blood cells
• plasma
• platelets
• red blood cells

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QUICK QUIZ

• 2. Blood contains these clotting cells
• erythrocytes
• plasma
• thrombocytes
• leukocytes

15
Combining Forms and Terminology

• bas/o base
• chrom/o color
• coagul/o clotting
• cyt/o cell
• eosin/o red, dawn, rosy
• erythr/o red

Combining Form Meaning
16
Terminology

• granul/o granules
• hem/o blood
• hemat/o blood
• hemoglobin/o hemoglobin
• is/o same, equal
• kary/o nucleus

Combining Form Meaning
17
Combining Forms and Terminology

• leuk/o white
• mon/o one, single
• morph/o shape, form
• myel/o bone marrow
• neutr/o neutral
• nucle/o nucleus

Combining Form Meaning
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Terminology

• phag/o eat, swallow
• poikil/o varied, irregular
• sider/o iron
• spher/o globe, round
• thromb/o clot

Combining Form Meaning
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Suffixes

• -apheresis
• -blast
• -cyte
• -cytosis
• -emia
• -globin
• -globulin
• -lytic

• -oid
• -osis
• -penia
• -phage
• -philia
• -phoresis
• -poiesis
• -stasis

20
Diseases of Red Blood Cells

• Anemia Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
• Other types of anemia
• aplastic anemia
• hemolytic anemia
• pernicious anemia
• sickle cell anemia
• thalassemia

21
Types of Anemia

• Aplastic anemia failure of blood cell production
  due to aplasia or absence of cell formation of
  bone marrow cells
• Hemolytic anemia reduction in red cells due to
  excessive destruction
• Pernicious anemia lack of mature erythrocytes
  caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into
  the body

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Types of Anemia (contd)

• sickle cell a hereditary disease characterized
  by abnormal shape of erythrocytes and by
  hemolysis
• thalassemia an inherited defect in the ability
  to produce hemoglobin
• hemochromatosis excess iron deposits throughout
  the body
• polycythemia vera general increase in red blood
  cells

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QUICK QUIZ

• 3. What is the most common type of anemia?
• hemolytic anemia
• sickle cell anemia
• iron deficiency anemia
• aplastic anemia

24
Types of Anemia
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Disorders of Blood Clotting

• hemophilia Excessive bleeding caused by the lack
  of one of the protein substances necessary for
  blood clotting
• purpura Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and
  accumulation of blood under the skin

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Diseases of White Blood Cells

• leukemia An increase in cancerous white blood
  cells
• acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
• acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
• chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
• chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

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Acute Leukemia

• Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

28
Diseases of White Blood Cells

• granulocytosis Abnormal increase in granulocytes
  in the blood
• mononucleosis An infectious disease marked by
  increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged
  cervical lymph nodes

29
Disease of Bone Marrow Cells

• multiple myeloma Malignant neoplasm of bone
  marrow. Malignant cells destroy bone tissue and
  cause overproduction of immunoglobulins.

30
Laboratory Blood Tests

• antiglobulin test
• bleeding time
• coagulation time
• complete blood count (CBC)
• erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

• hematocrit (Hct)
• hemoglobin test (H, Hg, HGB)
• partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

31
Laboratory Blood Tests (contd)

• platelet count
• prothrombin time (PT)
• red blood cell count (RBC)

• red blood cell morphology
• white blood cell count (WBC)
• white blood cell differential

32
Clinical Procedures

• apheresis Separation of blood into component
  parts and removal of a select part from the blood
  
• blood transfusion Whole blood or cells taken
  from a donor and infused into a patient
• bone marrow biopsy Microscopic examination of a
  core of bone marrow removed with a needle
• hematopoietic stem cell transplant Peripheral
  stem cells from a compatible donor administered
  into a recipients vein

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Review Sheet

• COMBINING FORMS
• bas/o _________
• chrom/o _________
• Coagul/o _________
• cyt/o _________
• eosin/o _________
• erythr/o _________

Combining Form Meaning
34
Review Sheet

• COMBINING FORMS
• bas/o base
• chrom/o color
• coagul/o clotting
• cyt/o cell
• eosin/o red, dawn, rosy
• erythr/o red

Combining Form Meaning
35
Review Sheet

• COMBINING FORMS
• granul/o _________
• hem/o _________
• hemat/o _________
• hemoglobin/o _________
• is/o _________
• kary/o _________

Combining Form Meaning
36
Review Sheet

• COMBINING FORMS
• granul/o granules
• hem/o blood
• hemat/o blood
• hemoglobin/o hemoglobin
• is/o same, equal
• kary/o nucleus

Combining Form Meaning
37
Review Sheet

• COMBINING FORMS
• leuk/o _________
• mon/o _________
• morph/o _________
• myel/o _________
• neutr/o _________
• nucle/o _________

Combining Form Meaning
38
Review Sheet

• COMBINING FORMS
• leuk/o white
• mon/o one, single
• morph/o shape, form
• myel/o bone marrow
• neutr/o neutral
• nucle/o nucleus

Combining Form Meaning
39
Review Sheet

• COMBINING FORMS
• phag/o _______________
• poikil/o _______________
• sider/o _______________
• spher/o _______________
• thromb/o _______________

Combining Form Meaning
40
Review Sheet

• COMBINING FORMS
• phag/o eat, swallow
• poikil/o varied, irregular
• sider/o iron
• spher/o globe, round
• thromb/o clot

Combining Form Meaning