Diapositiva 1

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Hydrogen and Renewable Energies
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Background

• Hydrogen

• Is the most plentiful element in the universe
• Is colourless, odourless, insipid, non-toxic and
  highly inflammable
• Has the highest energy/weight ratio
• Is not a source of energy but a form of storage.
  It is an energetic vector
• Its combustion only produces H2O. It is a
  non-pollutant fuel
• Does not exist in free form. It needs to be
  produced
• Fossil fuels
• Biomass
• Electrolysis
• Photoelectrochemistry
• ..
• If it is produced from renewable energies the
  cycle has zero-emissions

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Sources and Uses of Hydrogen
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Fuel Cell Technology Fuels and applications
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Background
Hydrogen can be stored in

• Gas state. The low density of H2 means that less
  energy per unit of volume is stored
• Advantage ? LOW COST AND GREAT DEVELOPMENT AND
  RELIABILITY
• Disadvantage ? LARGE VOLUMES AND HIGH PRESSURES
• Liquid state. Its low boiling point (20K) means
  cryogenic recipients are required
• Advantage ? HIGH DENSITY AND LESS WEIGHT
• Disadvantage ? SAFETY PROBLEMS, HIGH CONSUMPTION
  OF ENERGY AND HIGH COST
• Solid state (HYDRIDES). H2 reacts with different
  metals or intermetallic compounds forming
  HYDRIDES
• Advantage ? MORE STORAGE PER UNIT OF VOLUME,
  REVERSIBLE REACTION, LOW PRESSURE AND SAFETY
• Disadvantage ? RELATIVELY HIGH WEIGHT

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Background
The applications can be

• Stationary.
• Housing
• Transport.
• Cars
• Submarines
• Boats
• Aeroplanes...
• Portable items.
• PCs
• Mobile phones, etc.
• Isolated system.
• Energy accumulation Integration of the RES in
  the network.

Source CENER
Source MTI Company
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Activities in Europe

• Studies have been carried out that analyse the
  feasibility of the integration of renewable
  energies with hydrogen
• Several demonstration projects have been set up
  that enable the results of the preliminary
  studies to be put into practice
• Numerous patents have been applied for and
  accepted
• The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology
  Platform has been created

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H2 filling station for CUTE and Citycell buses (
Madrid, April 28th, 2003 )
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H2 filling station for CUTE buses (Barcelona,
April 9th, 2003)
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Hydrogen development strategie . Road Map.
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Ceners position

• Ceners activity is focused on the application of
  hydrogen as an energy accumulation system, with
  the objective of increasing and improving the
  penetration of renewable energies in the
  electrical system.
• It considers electrolysis from renewable energies
  (in particular from wind energy) as a production
  system. Hydrogen produced in this way is what is
  known as green hydrogen.
• The use of hydrogen can

1. Increase the penetration of renewable energies
   into the electricity network.
2. Make the renewable energies similar to
   conventional sources, which will enable a better
   management of them by the operator of the
   electrical system.
3. Reduce the dependence on imported fossil fuels
   and increase the energy and environmental
   sustainability of the region.
4. Provide innovation for energy storage systems.

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Studies

• CENER Government of Navarre, (SPAIN)
• Objective To develop an integrated technological
  solution in which the hydrogen vector will act as
  a means for accumulating energy from wind energy
  in such a way that its re-conversion into
  electrical energy as required facilitates its
  integration into the electrical system.
• The purpose behind this work consists of
  advancing and developing an industrial-scale
  technical solution, which is economically
  interesting, which could be commercialised within
  5 to 10 years.

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Ceners position

• Cener has two laboratories for research and
  experimentation in this field
• Electrochemical Laboratory.

• Laboratory for Integrating
• Hydrogen and Renewable
• Energies.

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Hydrogen Storage

• Efficiency of Hydrogen production 75
• Efficiency of compression 96
• Efficiency of recover energy systems
• Turbines 30-32
• Combustion 44
• Fuel Cells 55
• Hybrid Systems 75- 85
• High temperature gas turbine
• Suppliers of Hybrids systems
• Siemens, Westinghouse, Fuel Cells EnergyMTU
• Current power limit 200 KW

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Hydrogen costs

• Wind Farm scale 50 MW
• Total Investment approx. 2,5- 3,0 M/ MW
• Fuel cells 4.000 /KW
• Hybrid systems 10.000 /kw
• Operational life time 15-20 years
• TIR of investment positivegt15 years

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Peripheral maritime regions
In most cases, peripheral maritime regions have
some particularities derived from their situation
and/or commercial activities

1. Weak networks or even disconnection of networks
   (islands and remote communities)
2. High renewable resources in the sea (offshore
   wind farms) that require more costly transport
   networks
3. High seasonal energy consumption (Mediterranean
   coast)
4. Management of demand in ports

Hydrogen, as a means of energy storage, can
minimise or solve these problems in the next
future
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Demonstration projects

• Utsira Project (IEA)
• Norwegian and German companies (Enercon),
  Norwegian government
• Objectives
• To demonstrate an autonomous energy system
• To integrate developed, novelty hydrogen
  technologies with renewable energies

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Demonstration projects

• Hydrogen Generation from Stand-Alone Wind-Powered
  Electrolysis Systems (IEA, Task 11)
• Energy Research Unit, Rutherford Appleton
  Laboratory (UK), Casaccia Research Centre
  (Italy), Institute for Technical Thermodynamics
  (Germany), Department of Engineering, University
  of Leicester (UK)
• Objectives
• To improve the control of the aerogenerator to
  improve the quality of the energy
• To examine the tolerance of an electrolyser in a
  fluctuating supply
• To design and construct a small-scale isolated
  system of hydrogen (lt 10 kW)
• To assess the economic costs

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Demonstration projects

• Cluster Pilot Project for the Integration of RES
  into European Energy Sectors using Hydrogen
  (RES2H2) (IEA)
• Spain, Germany, Portugal, Switzerland, Greece
  and Cyprus
• Objectives
• Clean production of hydrogen using wind energy
• To solve the problem of storing excess energy
• To obtain water from the renewable-H2 system

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Other demonstration projects

• PROIDRI (CNR ITAE-UNICT DIEES, Italy).
• Objective Development of integrated systems of
  renewables with hydrogen
• Development of a prototype of the system
• To improve the characteristics of the
  electrolysers
• Study of the losses associated with converters
  and adaptors
• HIDROTEC (Corporación Tecnalia).
• Objective Introduction of a demonstration plant
  with multiple applications to assess the various
  options of sustainable energy solutions based on
  hydrogen
• Scenes selected for simulation
• Hydrogen filling station for transport
• Hydrogen storage to increase the availability of
  high power wind farms
• Autonomous isolated systems

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Demonstration projects

• Hydrogen and Renewables Integration Project
  (HaRI)
• CREST (Centre for Renewable Energy Systems
  Technology) at Loughborough University
• Objectives
• To investigate energy storage methods generated
  by renewable sources
• Hydrogen Demo Project in UK PURE-Promoting Unst
  Renewable Energy
• Shetland Council
• Objectives
• To demonstrate the feasibility of systems based
  on renewables and hydrogen
• Sustainable use of energy resources that are
  found in the isolated communities

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Other demonstration projects

• AEROPILA, BESEL
• Objective Installation of an isolated system
  based on renewable energies and hydrogen for
  stationary and transport applications
• Pilot plant (operating since 2004).

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Studies

• RenewIslands
• Objective To increase the penetration into the
  market of new energy systems combining fuel cell
  technology, renewable energies and hydrogen in
  islands and remote regions in Europe and
  third-world countries.
• Tesis NTNU, Norway (C.J. Greiner)
• Objective Analysis of the production of hydrogen
  from wind energy from an economic and
  environmental point of view.
• Renewable-H2
• Objective To assess the European activities in
  H2 and renewables and the bodies involved, to set
  up interaction with national programmes and H2
  networks, to identify opportunities for
  integrating renewables in the hydrogen economy
  and to assess the possibility of setting up an
  Excellence Centre.

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Studies

• Altman M., Richert, F., Hydrogen production at
  offshore wind farms. Offshore Wind Energy Special
  Topic Conference, Belgium, Dec 2001.
• Making the most of maritime wind resources (North
  Sea). Offshore platforms for producing hydrogen
  through the electrolysis of desalinated water.
• Eliminate the electrical connections to land.
• H2 has diverse applications (H2 common industry,
  fuel, energy vector).

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Conclusions

• Conclusions
• Hydrogen is beginning to look like one of the
  large-scale energy accumulation systems. It will
  enable us to increase the penetration of
  renewable energies into the energy market, the
  quality of the energy and the stabilisation of
  the network.
• If the production of hydrogen is though
  electrolysis based on renewables, the cycle has
  zero emissions.
• It can serve as a support in the case of regions
  with a high energy dependence or with weak
  networks.
• In Europe, demonstration projects are being
  developed with the aim of showing the feasibility
  of the H2-RES system.

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