Tracheophyte Evolution

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Tracheophyte Evolution
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Origin

• Big split between Lycophyte lineage and
  Euphyllophytes
• Euphyllophytes have megaphylls, pseudomonopodial
  growth

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Next Big Split

• Monilophytes (ferns and fern allies, including
  horsetails) and Lignophytes
• Monilophytes Multiflagellate sperm reproduction
  by spores many functional megaspores stellar
  anatomy chloroplast inversion.

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Lignophytes

• Progymnosperms, Seed Ferns, Gymnosperms, and
  Flowering plants
• Secondary xylem and phloem, cambial ring
  heterospory.

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Seed plants

• 1 functional megaspore integument around
  megasporangium seeds pollen grains.
• Radiation ( who knows order) into Genophytes,
  Conifers, Ginkgo, cycads and ANGIOSPERMS

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Angiosperms

• Seeds in carpels stigmatic surface
  megagametophyte of 8 nuclei double fertilization
• Closest ancestor shifting ideas

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Basal Angiosperm Evolution

• Vessels after Amborella
• Diploid endosperm
• Carpels sealed by secretion

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And then .

• Postgenital fusion of carpel epidermes
• Carpel primordium is U-shaped
• Radiation Magnoliids, ?? Monocots, Eudicots

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Monocots

• Scattered vascular bundles no vascular cambium
  leaf blade from base of primordium one cotyledon
  
• About half the monocots are orchids (19,500) or
  grasses (10,000)

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Poales
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Monocots