Essay Writing

1
Essay Writing
2
Urban land-use models provide valuable tools for
studying the internal structure of cities, but
their applicability to large cities of the world
has been undermined by physical and historical
elements as well as modern-city development.

• In what ways are Burgesss and Hoyts urban
  land-use models similar to each order? Using
  large cities in different parts of the world as
  examples, explain how these models fail to
  generalize their land-use patterns. To what
  extent are these models useful to town planners?

3

• Similarities of the two models
• Deviation of the land-use patterns of some cities
  from these models
• Usefulness of the models to urban planners

4
Similarities of the two models
Burgess
Hoyt
5
Similarities of the two models

• Both models focus on importance of accessibility
• Centrally-located Central Business District
• Clear-cut boundaries between land-use zones
• Study of ground-floor function instead of the
  three-dimensional study
• Residential segregation according to
  socio-economic status

6
Similarities of the two models

• Lower-income group located near the factory zone
• Higher-income group located distant from
  lower-income group and factory zone

7
Deviation of the land-use patterns of some cities
from these models

• Both models base on cities developed on
  uniform/flat land surface
• Relief affects the shape, expansion and land-use
  zoning of cities (e.g. Hong Kong, Rio de Janeiro)
• Hilly areas make transport development difficult
  and are unattractive to industrial / commercial
  land uses, but sometimes attract housing
  (squatter on cheap/illegal land luxurious
  housing with good view)

8

• Waterfront location attract water transport
  facilities (wharves, terminals, piers), port
  industries for their accessibility and high
  income housing for their scenic value.
• Cities with a long history of development (e.g.
  Chinese and European cities) usually consist
  mixed land uses (commercial-residential) rather
  than clear-cut land use zones
• Old city core(historical buildings serving as
  cultural/religious/parliamentary centre) in
  addition to modern C.B.D.

9

• Cities with colonial history (e.g. South-east
  Asian cities) co-existence of indigenous sector
  and western sector (commercial, industrial and
  residential land uses)
• Modern developments offices/ commercial
  buildings/industrial estates located in different
  parts of the city
• Polycentric replaces monocentric patterns
  (multiple-nuclei development secondary
  commercial centres, industrial and residential
  suburbs)

10

• Cities engulfing small towns in their
  neighbourhood and merging of cities as a result
  of suburbanization, forming an extensive urban
  area (mega city / extended metropolitan region)
  with multiple centres and a complex of land use
  zones
• Modern housing replacing older / shanty parts of
  the city as a result of urban redevelopment
  programmes
• High-income housing often locate close to
  high-technology industrial area (where pollution
  is carefully-controlled)

11
Usefulness of the models to urban planners

• Objectives of urban planning
• Improvement of living conditions, traffic flow
  and socio-economic development in cities
• Need for land-use zoning orderly arrangement of
  business, industrial and residential areas (land
  use designated prior to development)

12

• Consideration of
• Accessibility / distance-decay mechanism sites
  near city centre or nodal points for commercial
  function
• Different requirements of various land users
• City centre the most expensive site for
  commercialfunctions
• Zones of better environmental quality for
  higher-income housing
• Manufacturing areas with extensive cheap land
  and good accessibility

13

• -lower income housing close to manufacturing /
  zones of lesser environmental quality
• Redevelopment of inner city areas high-density
  housing, factory areas mixed with lower income
  housing
• Improvement of intra-urban transport network
  (road and mass-transit systems) to facilities the
  flow of goods and people between different
  functional zones

14

• How are urban centres classified and spatially
  organised according to Christallers theory?
  Using the urban network of a selected region,
  describe the spatial pattern of towns and cities.
  Discuss how the spatial pattern can be explained
  in terms of local physical and economic conditions

15
Urban hierarchy
hamlet
village
town
16
Urban Hierarchy
No. of Function
City
Town
Village
Population
17
(No Transcript)
18

• Classification of urban centres based on CPT
• Urban network/spatial pattern of selected region
• Explanation of the spatial pattern

19
Classification of urban centres based on CPT

• According to Christaller, urban centres are
  treated as central places that provided goods and
  services to surrounding hinterlands. The
  functions of the centres according to the market
  threshold and the range of goods govern the size
  of urban settlement. An urban hierarchy is formed
  relating to the orders of goods offered by the
  urban centre.

20

• The order of a function is governed by
• The market threshold. The higher the order, the
  larger will be the threshold population
• The range of goods. The higher the order, the
  longer the distance of the customers will go to
  buy the goods
• A functional hierarchy is established
• The larger urban centres will have more and
  higher order functions than small centres

21

• The spatial characteristics of the urban
  hierarchy will be
• (a) Centres of a given order tend to have
  hinterlands of similar area. Lower order centres
  have small hinterland, while higher order centres
  serve large areas. The increase in hinterland
  area from one to the next is by a constant ratio
  of k-value

22

• (b) Centres of a similar order or class size are
  scattered evenly across the countryside. Lower
  order centres are close together, while higher
  cebtres are more widely spaced. The increase in
  distance apart of successively higher order
  centres is by a constant value of v3 times the
  spacing of the next lower order centres

23

• this illustrates the concept that urban networks
  are not just haphazard arrangements of
  settlements scattered at random across the
  countryside, but rather are orderly systems in
  which there is some pattern and regularity in the
  size and spacing of centres.

24
Urban network/spatial pattern of selected region

• Description of the spatial pattern
• Identify the orders of urban settlements
  according to the chief functions and population
  size
• A discussion on the overall pattern
• uniformly spaced even distribution of urban
  centres over the tributary area or irregularly
  spaced?

25

• whether a continuum or discrete classes of
  central place in the region?
• or clear-cut dominance of certain head-linked
  cities over the other smaller towns?

26
Explanation of the spatial pattern

• The physical conditions
• Relief clustering of settlement on the plain
  and dispersion over the hills
• Fertility of the land governs the distribution of
  the productive hinterlands
• Drainage pattern governs the communication
• The economic conditions
• Communication routeways
• Population distribution

27

• Difference in patterns of employment within the
  studied region whether there are market towns or
  industrial towns
• Industrial agglomerations increasing population
  concentrations and functions over the head-linked
  cities may lead to tendency of metropolitan
  primacy
• Other factors may be of importance
• Government policies / region planning
• Political boundary/parish boundaries