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Raymond Cattell

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Title: Raymond Cattell


1
Raymond Cattells Factor Analytical Trait Theory
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2
Factor Analysis
  • Thousands of variables exist distinguishing
    individuals
  • Dozen of theories of personality have been
    proposed to explain personality
  • Theories studied so far have, at best, presented
    a subjective view of human behavior relied on
    the theorists explanation of its etiology

3
Factor Analysis
  • A method that attempts to determine the degree of
    covariation among a large set of variables as
    they are measured across a large group of subjects

4
Basic Assumption of FA
  • Certain characteristics correlate, or covary, in
    such a way as to define a separate psychological
    dimension, or factor.

5
What is Factor Analysis
  • a statistical means to recognize the regularity
    and order in phenomena .
  • when phenomena occur, they occur independently
    of each other
  • patterns exist in these independent phenomena
  • all constructs consist of a pattern of
    interaction between phenomena

6
Usefulness of Factor Analysis
  • ...can simultaneously manage over a hundred
    variables
  • can compensate for random error and invalidity
  • can untangle complex interrelationships between
    variables
  • can pin-point regularities in those
    interrelationships

7
Steps in Factor Analysis
  • 1. Obtain measures of several variables from a
    large sample
  • 2. Determine the degree of relationship of every
    variable with every other variable in the total
    set (Yields a correlation matrix)
  • 3. Determine whether there are clusters of
    variables within the matrix that go together to
    form dimensions (factor extraction)

8
Steps in Factor Analysis (cont.)
  • 5. Determine factor loadings correlations
    between the factor as a whole and the specific
    item measures that comprise the factor
    indicates the degree to which an item measure
    goes along with the underlying dimension that
    constitutes the factor
  • 6. Name or label the factor, based on the
    content of the item measures that load on the
    factor (inherently subjective)

9
Factor Analysis (example)
  • Traits of humans outgoing, friendly, shy,
    mean, sarcastic, nice, sociable
  • If we rate others, then correlate, we find that
    outgoing, shy, withdrawn and sociable all
    correlate (some negatively), while friendly,
    mean, sarcastic, and nice correlate.
  • These eight words comprise two separate,
    unrelated (orthogonal) factors, which we might
    label as extraversion and agreeableness

10
Costs of Factor Analysis
  • Complicated mathematical procedure
  • Difficult to explain
  • Requiring considerable explanation in scientific
    articles
  • Not usually learned by students, even in their
    statistics courses

11
Cattell Factor Analysis
  • Measured people in different ways
  • L-data or life data, e.g., accidents,
    social organizations they belong to, social
    contacts
  • Q-data - questionnaire data, e.g., individuals
    rated themselves on different issues
  • T-data - objective data, e.g., collected via
    TAT, Rorschach, etc.

12
Cattell F.A.
  • Analyze collected data produce cluster matrix
  • After clusters analyzed, any correlation noted
  • Highly correlated tests assume to measure same
    characteristics
  • These called factors because they were
    identified via factor analysis

13
Categories of Traits
  • Cattell argued traits are elements of
    personality
  • Two major types of trait
  • surface traits - groups of observations that are
    correlated
  • source traits - actual traits that determine
    behavior

14
Source Traits
  • Temperament trait
  • How
  • Dynamic trait (motivation)
  • Why
  • Ability trait
  • Kind of response

15
16 PF
  • Warmth (Sizia Affectia)
  • Reasoning
  • Emotional stability
  • Dominance
  • Liveliness
  • Rule-consciousness
  • Social boldness

16
16 PF continued
  • Sensitivity (Threctia Parmia)
  • Vigilance (Harria Premsia)
  • Abstractedness (Alaxia Protension)
  • Privateness (Praxernia Autia)
  • Apprehension
  • Openness to change
  • Self-reliance
  • Perfectionism
  • tension

17
Nature/Nurture
  • Cattells theory differentiates between
    environmental and genetic source of traits
  • constitutional source traits determined by
    heredity
  • environmental-mold traits determined by
    environment
  • Ability traits - source traits determine how
    efficiently one works towards goal

18
Nature/Nurture
  • Temperament traits - source traits governing
    emotional expression
  • Dynamic traits - 2 types of trait motivate
    person towards goal
  • erg ? inherited and similar to instinct,
    drive, need
  • metaerg ? environmentally-molded, e.g.,
    opportunity

19
Specific Equation
  • Illustrates Cattells deterministic view of
    human behavior
  • He argues behavior can be predicted if variables
    known
  • Since all variables cannot be know, prediction
    is probabilistic

20
Specific Equation (cont.)
  • R f(S,P)
  • A persons specific response (R) is a function
    (f) of the stimulus situation (S) at a given
    moment in time, and of the existing personality
    structure (P)

21
Evaluation of Cattells Theory
  • Highly praised because of its attention to
    empirical detail, I.e., scientific method
  • Cattell focused on precise measures to study
    personality structure
  • Most critics not concerned with tough minded
    study of personality

22
Critics of Theory
  • suggest some of Cattells findings not
    replicated
  • Cattells 16 factors really 5 factors, I.e.,
    Big Five
  • suggest that the naming of identified factors
    was subjective
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