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The Foundations of Rome

• Preview
• Starting Points Map Italy and the Mediterranean
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Roman Civilization Develops
• Quick Facts Etruscan Influences
• Rome Becomes a Republic
• Quick Facts Checks and Balances in the Roman
  Government
• The Republic Expands
• Faces of History Two Commanders of the Punic Wars

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The Foundations of Rome
Main Idea From a small town on the banks of an
Italian river, Rome grew to control the entire
Mediterranean region.

• Reading Focus
• Where and how did Roman civilization develop?
• What led to Romes becoming a republic?
• What were the major events in Romes expansion?

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Roman Civilization Develops
All roads lead to Rome. Rome was not built in
a day. When in Rome . . . How did Rome win
such a place in modern popular culture?
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The Etruscans

• Rome first ruled by Latin Kings
• Came under Etruscan rule, 600 BC
• Etruscans came from northern Italy
• Evidence found at cemeteries indicates Etruscans
  great metalworkers, jewelers
• Etruscan culture heavily influenced by Greeks
• Etruscans had great influence on Roman society

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Summarize What advantages did Romes location
give the city?
Answer(s) protected by mountains sea provided
protection and transportation had rich soil,
pleasant climate located on major trade routes
Tiber River provided easy access to the sea
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Rome Becomes a Republic

• Etruscan Rule Ends
• Etruscans ruled Rome until about 509 BC
• Romans revolted, threw out last of kings, setup
  new type of government
• Republicelected officials governed state

• Patricians
• In early days, heads of a few aristocratic
  families, patricians, elected officials
• Patrician families controlled all
  societypolitics, religion, economics, military
• Maintained power through patronage system

• Plebeians
• From beginning, common people, plebeians,
  challenged patricians for power
• Invaders threatened 494 BC plebeians refused to
  fight until changes made
• Patricians knew they would have no army, expanded
  plebeian rights

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• Plebeian Council
• After receiving new rights, plebeians formed own
  assembly, Plebeian Council, to oversee affairs
  and protect interests
• Gained right to elect officials known as tribunes
• Tribunes jobprotect against unjust treatment by
  patrician officials
• Gained right to vetoban laws that seemed
  harmful, unjust

• Laws
• 450 BC, plebeians forced patricians to have all
  laws written down
• Laws displayed in Roman Forum, central square, on
  12 large bronze tablets
• Because laws were posted, patrician judges could
  not make decisions based on own opinions or
  secret laws
• One new law banned marriage between patricians
  and plebeians

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Republican Government
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Governing Details

• Consuls
• When last king thrown out, his place taken by two
  magistrates called consuls
• Elected for one year chief executives, army
  commanders

• Censors
• Next most important after consuls
• Recorded wealth, residence of population
• Filled vacancies in Senate

• Praetors
• Primarily judges, could act for consuls if
  consuls away at war
• After terms ended, given military commands,
  appointed provisional governors

• Constraints
• Government worked well because of system of
  checks, balances
• Each part could impose certain constraints on
  others

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Life in the Republic
During the days of the Roman Republic, Rome was a
thriving and vibrant city. At its heart was the
Forum, the public square and site of the most
important government buildings and temples.
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Agrarian Roots

• Despite bustling nature of city, Romans prided
  themselves on connection with soil
• Farming, landownership the noblest ways to make
  money
• Senators forbidden to participate in any career
  that did not involve land, could not engage in
  commerce

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Draw Conclusions Why do you think the Romans
established a republic?
Answer(s) possible answerThey wanted a system
of laws to keep peace within their expanding
empire.
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The Republic Expands

• Growth
• As Romes government changed, the Roman
  population continued to grow
• Rome needed more land for expanding population
• Began to settle surplus population on land
  acquired by conquering neighbors

• Military Might
• Successful expansion not possible without
  powerful army
• All Roman men between ages 17 and 46 with minimum
  amount of property required to serve in army
  during times of war

• Roman Army
• Organized into units called legions, backbone of
  which were centurions
• Centurions noncommissioned officers who each
  commanded 100 men
• Army highly disciplined, well-trained force,
  could fight in all types of terrain

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• The Conquest of Italy
• 265 BC, Romans had defeated Etruscans and Greek
  cities in Southern Italy
• Romans imposed two strict conditions on subject
  peoplesubjects had to provide troops for Roman
  army, abandon any dealings with foreign nations
• Other than those conditions, Rome rarely
  interfered with domestic affairs of people it
  conquered

• Sicily
• Once in control of Italy, Rome turned attention
  to Sicily, large island to south of Italian
  Peninsula
• In Sicily, Rome came into conflict with Carthage,
  powerful North African trading city
• Conflict grew into series of three wars
• Punic Wars raged for nearly 80 years

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The Punic Wars
Violence between Rome and Carthage broke out in
264 BC. Because the First Punic War was fought
mostly at sea, Carthages powerful navy dominated
the early fighting. Soon, however, the Romans
built a navy of their own and were able to defeat
Carthage.
The Romans had defeated Carthage, but it did not
destroy the city as many citizens had wanted.
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Carthage Falls

• Huge losses of Second Punic War remained in
  memories of many Romans
• 149 BC Rome decided to destroy old enemy once and
  for all
• Declared war on Carthage for third time
• After siege of three years, Carthage fell
• Romans enslaved entire population, completely
  destroyed city
• They banned any people from living there

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The Conquest of Greece

• Punic Wars raged in western republic Rome
  involved in politics of eastern Mediterranean
• Hellenistic kingdoms of Macedonia, Persia, and
  Egypt fought constantly Greek city-states feared
  being conquered
• City-states sought alliance with Rome

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Sequence How did Rome come to dominate the
Mediterranean world?
Answer(s) by conquering its Mediterranean
neighbors, including Carthage and Greece
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From Republic to Empire

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Problems in the Late Republic
• Rome Becomes an Empire
• Map The Roman Empire
• The Pax Romana

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From Republic to Empire
Main Idea Governmental and social problems led to
the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of
a new form of government.

• Reading Focus
• What problems did leaders face in the late Roman
  Republic?
• How did Rome become an empire?
• What helped tie the Roman empire together during
  the Pax Romana?

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Problems in the Late Republic
By the mid-100s BC, Rome had no rival anywhere in
the Mediterranean world. However, the
responsibilities of running their vast holdings
stretched the Roman political system to its
limits.
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The Military in Politics

• 107 BC, social unrest reached new level
• General Gaius Marius elected consul
• Eliminated property restrictions
• Accepted anyone who wanted to join army
• Armies, private forces devoted to general
• Poor hoped to share plunder at end of war
• Ruthless generals realized loyalty of troops
  could be used as political tool

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Social and Civil Wars
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Summarize What challenges faced Rome in the late
Republic?
Answer(s) slave revolts, social unrest, the
Social War, and a civil war in which Sulla became
dictator
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Rome Becomes an Empire
Sulla paved the way for major changes in Romes
government. The end of the Republic resulted from
the ambitions of a few individuals.
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• The Second Triumvirate
• Caesars murder did not save the Republic
• 43 BC, Second Triumvirate took powerCaesars
  adopted son, Octavian loyal officer Marc Antony
  high priest Lepidus
• Lepidus pushed aside Antony, Octavian agreed to
  govern half the empire each, Octavian in west,
  Antony in East

• Civil War
• Civil war between Octavian, Antony broke out
• Octavian defeated Antony and his ally, Egypts
  Queen Cleopatra
• Cleopatra, Antony committed suicide Octavian
  alone controlled Rome
• Republic effectively dead new period in Roman
  history beginning

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From Octavian to Augustus

• Octavian Takes Power
• Octavian faced task of restoring order in empire
• Had no intention of establishing dictatorship
  when he took power

• New Political Order
• Octavian decided it impossible to return Rome to
  republican form of government
• Created new political order, known today as the
  empire

• Principate
• Octavian careful to avoid title of king or
  emperor
• Called himself princeps, first citizen
• Government called Principate

• New Title
• 27 BC, Senate gave Octavian title Augustus, the
  revered one
• Title a religious honor able to wear laurel and
  oak leaf crown

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The Augustan Age

• New Imperial Government
• Augustus head of state more than 40 years, made
  smooth transition to new imperial government with
  power divided between him and Senate
• Most financial, administrative matters under
  Augustuss control

• Foreign Affairs
• Started program to bring peace to west,
  particularly to Gaul, Spain
• Began series of conquests that pushed border
  eastward to Danube River
• Also took special care of Rome itself

• Legacy
• Created police force, fire brigades stockpiled
  food, water
• Began building program presided over moral,
  religious reforms
• Great period of cultural creativity great
  writers like Horace, Ovid, Virgil

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Julio-Claudians and Flavians

• Augustus died AD 14, empire ruled by Caesars
  relatives for 54 years
• Julio-Claudian Emperors abilities varied widely
• Tiberius a good soldier, competent administrator
• Caligula, brutal, mentally unstable appointed
  favorite horse as consul
• AD 68, last of Julio-Claudians, Nero committed
  suicide

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The Good Emperors

• Empire grew tremendously under Good Emperors
• Reached limits of expansion under Trajan
• Added what are now Romania, Armenia, Mesopotamia,
  and the Sinai Peninsula
• Successor Hadrian thought empire too large
• Withdrew from almost all eastern additions
• Built defensive fortifications to guard against
  invasions
• Built wall 73 miles long in northern Britain

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Explain How did Rome grow and change after it
became an empire?
Answer(s) The Roman Empire reached the limits of
its territorial expansion and made developments
in building, government, and culture.
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The Pax Romana
The period from the beginning of Augusts reign
in 27 BC until the death of the last of the Good
Emperors in AD 180 is often called the Pax
Romanathe Roman Peace. This era was
characterized by stable government, a strong
legal system, widespread trade, and peace.
Empire brought uniformity to the cities of the
Mediterranean world, which were governed in
imitation of Rome.
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Legal System

• Laws
• Roman law unified the empire
• Laws specified what could, could not be done
  penalties for breaking law
• Same laws applied to everyone in empire, wherever
  they lived

• Agriculture
• Agriculture remained primary occupation
  throughout Pax Romana
• Most farms, independent with little, no surplus
  to sell
• Tenant farmers began to replace slaves on large
  farms

• Manufacturing
• Manufacturing increased throughout empire
• Italy, Gaul, Spainartisans made cheap pottery,
  textiles
• Fine glassware made in eastern cities like
  Alexandria

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Opportunities for Trade

• Trade
• Italy imported grain, meat, raw materials from
  provinces
• Merchants brought silks, linens, glassware,
  jewelry, furniture from Asia
• Rome, Alexandria became commercial centers

• Transportation
• Commercial activity possible because of empires
  location around Mediterranean and extensive road
  network
• Ultimately about 50,000 miles of roads bound
  empire together

• Military and Merchant Routes
• Most roads built, maintained for military
  purposes
• Cheaper to transport grain by ship from one end
  of Mediterranean to other than to send it
  overland most goods went by sea

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Analyze How did government, law, and trade tie
the Roman people together?
Answer(s) The Roman government was the strongest
unifying force, maintaining order, enforcing the
laws, and defending the frontiers. Roman law
provided stability and, with few exceptions, the
same laws applied to everyone in the empire.
Trade provided opportunities for commerce between
people in different parts of the empire.
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Roman Society and Culture

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Life in Imperial Rome
• Quick Facts Roman Society
• Romes Cultural Legacy

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Roman Society and Culture
Main Idea The Romans developed a complex society
and pioneered cultural advances that, even today,
affect life all over the world.

• Reading Focus
• What social and cultural factors influenced life
  in imperial Rome?
• What achievements shaped Romes cultural legacy
  to the modern world?

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Life in Imperial Rome
Images of Rome from movies and stories
Gladiators in combat, temples of marble, soldiers
marching to war. What was life really like?
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Life for the Poor

• Nearly 1 million Romans lived in crowded three-
  or four-story apartment buildings
• Fire a constant threat
• Torches used for light
• Charcoal used for cooking
• To keep poor from rebelling
• Free food, public entertainment offered
• Two things interested publicbread, circuses

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Public Entertainment

• Entertainments
• Romans of all classes enjoyed circus, chariot
  races
• Held in Circus Maximusracetrack could hold
  250,000 spectators
• Also liked theater, mimes, jugglers, dancers,
  acrobats, clowns

• Bloody Spectacles
• Romans enjoyed spectacles in amphitheaters
• Wild animals battled each other and professional
  fighters
• Gladiator contests most popular, performed in
  Colosseum for 50,000 people

• Public Baths
• Popular places for entertainment
• Romans well aware of importance of bathing,
  hygiene for health
• Many public baths had steam rooms, meeting rooms,
  and pools for socializing

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Family
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Signs and Augurs

• Worshipping the gods
• Romans believed gods sent signs, warnings
• Came in form of natural phenomena
• Flight of birds, arrangement of entrails of
  sacrificial animals
• Paid respect to augurs
• Priests who specialized in interpreting signs
• Nothing important undertaken without first
  consulting augurs

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Contrast How was life different for rich and
poor citizens in Rome?
Answer(s) Richoften had two homes and spent
time in politics, women's lives controlled by
guardians Poorlived in crowded conditions,
lower-class women had more freedom, often worked
outside the home
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Romes Cultural Legacy
Although the Western Roman Empire fell in 476,
much of Roman culture continued to influence life
for centuries. In fact, we can still see many of
the legacies of the great empire today.
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• Practical Knowledge
• Romans practical, tried to apply knowledge gained
  from science to planning cities, building water,
  sewage systems, improving farming
• Roman engineers constructed roads, bridges,
  amphitheaters, public buildings, aqueducts to
  bring water to cities
• Without aqueducts, cities would not have grown as
  large

• Concrete
• Romans developed concrete, with which they built
  amazing structures that still stand today
• Roman bridges still span French, German, Spanish
  rivers
• Roads that connected Rome with provinces still
  survive today
• Added urban plan to every city they conquered
  many still seen today

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Architecture and Language

• Locations
• Many examples still seen throughout southern
  Europe, northern Africa, Southwest Asia
• Dominant advancesround arch and the vault

• Advances
• Arch, vault allowed Romans to construct larger
  buildings than earlier societies
• Have been used for centuries, still seen in many
  countries

• Ruins
• Ruins of buildings inspired generations of
  architects
• Michelangelo, Thomas Jefferson, others

• Beyond Latin
• Romance languages developed from Latin
• Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian

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Legacies

• English
• English owes much vocabulary to Latin
• Examples et cetera, veto, curriculum

• Literature
• Technique of satire derived from Roman authors
• For centuries, writers have borrowed from authors
  like Virgil

• Law
• Romans used system called civil law, based on
  written code
• Adopted by many countries in Europe after empire
  fell

• Civil Law Systems
• Systems carried to Asian, African, American
  colonies
• Roman influence still seen in todays legal
  system worldwide

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Summarize What are some areas in which Romes
influence is still seen?
Answer(s) science, engineering, architecture,
language, literature, and law
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The Rise of Christianity

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Christianity and Judaism
• Jesus of Nazareth
• The Spread of Christianity
• Map The Spread of Christianity
• The Early Christian Church

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The Rise of Christianity
Main Idea A new religion called Christianity
developed within the Roman Empire and gradually
spread throughout the Roman world.

• Reading Focus
• How was Christianity rooted in the teachings of
  Judaism?
• What were the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth?
• How did Christianity spread throughout the Roman
  world?
• What was the early Christian Church like?

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Christianity and Judaism
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Judaism in the Roman World

• Reactions to Roman Rule
• Judaism had different branches, varying ideas on
  cooperation with Romans
• Zealots called on fellow Jews to drive Romans
  from Judaea, reestablish Kingdom of Israel

• Zealots
• Zealots formed pockets of resistance against
  Romans of Judaea
• After mass uprising AD 6670, Romans sacked
  Jerusalem, killed thousands of Jews, destroyed
  Second Temple

• Messianic Prophecies
• After revolt in 130s, all Jews banned from
  Jerusalem
• Not all Jews willing to take up arms others
  waited coming of Messiah spiritual leader
  prophesied to restore ancient kingdom, bring
  peace to world

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Make Generalizations What were two Jewish
reactions to Roman rule?
Answer(s) refused to give up religion Zealots
wanted to rise up against Roman rule
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Jesus of Nazareth
Against this background, a spiritual leader named
Jesus of Nazareth emerged, teaching people to
prepare for Gods Judgment Day.
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Death and Resurrection

• Jesuss popularity, crowds alarmed authorities
  who feared political uprisings
• Jesus arrested, tried, sentenced to death
• According to New Testament, after crucifixion
• Jesus rose from dead
• Spent 40 days teaching disciples
• Ascended into heaven
• Followers believed Resurrection, Ascension
  revealed Jesus as the Messiah

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Summarize What was the main message of Jesuss
teaching?
Answer(s) Followers must love God above all
else, and love others as they loved themselves.
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The Spread of Christianity
After Jesuss death, his disciples began teaching
that all people could achieve salvationthe
forgiveness of sins and the promise of
everlasting life.
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• Converting the Gentiles
• Paul believed God sent him to convert non-Jews,
  or Gentiles
• Paul helped make Christianity broader religion,
  attracted many new followers
• Helped establish Christian churches throughout
  eastern Mediterranean
• Pauls epistles, or letters, to those churches
  later became part of the New Testament

• Roman Christianity
• Paul found some Jewish customs hindered
  missionary work among non-Jews, dispensed with
  those requirements for Christians
• Paul emphasized new doctrines that helped
  distinguish Christianity from Judaism
• Christianity spread message of love, eternal
  life after death found appealing
• By AD 300, some 10 percent of Roman people were
  Christian

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Persecution

• Results
• As Christianity spread through Roman world, some
  local officials feared Christians conspiring
  against them arrested, killed many Christians
• Those killed seen by Christians as martyrs,
  people who die for their faith

• Threat
• Christians persecuted at local level, but
  large-scale persecution rare during first two
  centuries after Jesuss life
• Large-scale persecution by Romans grew as rulers
  saw Christianity as threat

• Imperial Approval
• Spread of Christianity hastened by conversion of
  emperor Constantine
• AD 313, Constantine made Christianity legal
  within empire, Edict of Milan
• By late 300s, polytheism gradually disappeared
  from empire

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Find the Main Idea What helped spread
Christianity through the Roman world?
Answer(s) Paul of Tarsus and other disciples
Constantines conversion outlawing of public
non-Christian sacrifices by Theodosius
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The Early Christian Church

• Communities
• Earliest Christian churches not only spiritual
  organizations but close-knit communities
• Provided all kinds of support for members

• Complex
• Support included burial services, food, shelter
• Christianity grew organization became more
  complex

• Deepening Faith
• Ceremonies developed to inspire peoples faith,
  make them feel closer to Jesus
• One ceremony was Eucharist

• Ceremonies
• During Eucharist, people eat bread, drink wine in
  memory of Jesuss death, resurrection
• With baptism, people are admitted to the faith

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Expansion of the Church
By about 100, priests who were trained in these
ceremonies became prominent within Christianity.
The authority of the priests was based on the
authority Jesus gave the Apostles. This spiritual
authority distinguished the priests from the
general congregation of the church.
Patriarchs did not recognize the popes supremacy
claims at first, but over time popes gained more
influence within the Christian Church.
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Summarize How did the Christian Church change as
it grew?
Answer(s) Special ceremonies and rituals
developed priests became a special class within
Christianity bishops had authority over priests
the bishop of Rome became a pope.
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The Fall of Rome

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• The Empire Weakens
• Attempts at Reform
• Invasion and Fall
• Map Division and Invasion of the Roman Empire
• Quick Facts Causes and Effects of the Fall of
  Rome
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video The Impact of Ancient Rome on the World
  Today

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The Fall of Rome
Main Idea Events and conditions inside as well
as outside the Roman Empire weakened it and led
to its collapse in the west in the 400s.

• Reading Focus
• What problems weakened the empire in the 200s?
• How did Diocletian and Constantine attempt to
  reform the empire?
• What caused the invasion and ultimate fall of the
  empire in the 400s?

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The Empire Weakens
The Roman armys inability to stop the Huns was
one symptom of the weakness that befell the
empire after the end of the Pax Romana.
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• Economic Troubles
• Insecurity of civil wars, invasions affected
  Roman life
• Robbery, piracy increased travel hazardous
• Merchants feared to ship goods
• Military needs required more revenue emperors
  raised taxes

• Inflation
• Value of money declined as taxes rose
• Emperors minted new coins with copper, lead, and
  silver
• People refused to accept currency at face value
• Result was dramatic rise in prices, or inflation

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Analyze What problems faced Rome in the late
200s?
Answer(s) The empire had weak leaders, civil
wars, threats of invasion, and inflation led to a
weak economy. Piracy and robbery made travel
hazardous.
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Attempts at Reform
The crises of the 200s shattered the Roman world.
Drastic reforms had to be made if the empire were
to survive. Two capable emperors rose to power
and gave the empire another two centuries of life.
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Economic Reforms

• Imperial economy came under state direction with
  Diocletian
• Commercial, manufacturing activities geared
  toward needs of imperial defense
• New tax system raised more money for government,
  army
• Reforms drastic, successful
• Saved empire from immediate economic collapse

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Constantine
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Analyze How did Diocletian and Constantine try
to save Rome?
Answer(s) Diocletiantried to make governmental
and economic reforms and build up the army
Constantinemoved capital to the eastern half of
the empire
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Invasion and Fall
Unfortunately, the reforms of Diocletian and
Constantine did not solve the overwhelming
problems of the empire. During the 300s and 400s,
these problems were only worsened by tribal
peoples increasing pressures on the empires
frontier.
About 370 Huns attacked the Ostrogoths, a
Germanic people living north of the Black Sea.
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Migrating Tribes

• Goths
• Assault on Ostrogoths frightened kinsmen,
  Visigoths
• Visigoths fled into Roman Empire, Italy
• Visigoths captured and sacked Rome itself, 410

• Vandals
• Other migrating tribes soon attacked Roman Empire
• Infamous for destroying everything in path
  Vandals attacked Rome in 450s
• Term vandal came to mean one who causes
  senseless destruction

• Attila
• Leader of Huns, led attack on Gaul
• Roman army allied with Visigoths, defeated Huns,
  451
• Attila next turned on Rome but Pope Leo I
  persuaded him to leave Italy

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Fall of the West

• Western Empire
• Despite Huns withdrawal, Western Empire in
  shambles
• Germanic tribes ruled most of western provinces,
  including Italy
• Ostrogoths overthrew last emperor
• Many historians consider this the end of the
  Western Roman Empire

• Eastern Empire
• Despite western collapse, Eastern Empire endured
  for several centuries
• People of Eastern Empire always thought of selves
  as Romans
• Over time other influences, especially Greek,
  crept into culture
• As a result of these influences, historians refer
  to the later period of the Eastern Empire by a
  new name, the Byzantine Empire.

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Identify Cause and Effect How did invaders
contribute to Romes fall?
Answer(s) The invasion of tribes from Central
Asia caused Germanic tribes to flee into the
Empire, where resistance had been weakened.
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VideoThe Impact of Ancient Rome on the World
Today
Click above to play the video.