Philosophy and Aims of Education

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Chapter 6

• Philosophy and Aims of Education

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Four Philosophies

• Reconstructionism
• Progressivism
• Essentialism
• Perennialism

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Aims

• Derived from examining the needs of children and
  youth in American society
• From analyzing our culture
• From studying various needs in our society

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Global Aims

• The United Nations Educational, Scientific and
  Cultural Organization(UNESCO) seek to promote
• Foster international understanding among all
  people of the world
• Improve the standards of living of people in
  various countries
• Solve continuing problems that plague humanity,
  such as war, disease, hunger, and unemployment

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Derivation of Aims

• Human personality
• Moral responsibility
• Institutions as the servants of men
• Common consent
• Devotion to truth
• Respect for excellence
• Moral equality

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• Brotherhood
• The pursuit of happiness
• Spiritual enrichment

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Statements by Educators

• Dewey
• Socializing young
• Develop individual physically, mentally, morally
  and emotionally
• National Education Association Association
• Develop knowledge
• Adler
• Goodlad

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• Adler
• Help human beings become educated persons
• Schooling is the preparatory stage
• It forms the habit of learning
• Goodlad (goals in 4 categories)
• Academic Vocational
• Social and Civic Personal

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Goals 2000

• All start school ready to learn
• High school graduation rate increase to 90
• Students leave grades 4,8, and 12 demonstrating
  competency in Eng., math, science, foreign lang.,
  civics govt., economics, arts, history and
  geography
• Will be first in world in math science

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• All Americans literate and possess knowledge and
  skills in a global eco./exercise rights and
  responsibilities of citizenship
• Every school free of drugs, violence, firearms,
  and alcohol/school conducive to learning
  environment

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• Teachers have access to programs to improve
  knowledge and skills/to help students
• Every school promotes partnerships that will
  increase parental involvement

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Philosophies

• Reconstructionism transmit cultural heritage and
  solve political/social problems
• Perennialism truth eternal, everlasting and
  unchanging
• Essentialism goals primarily cognitive and
  intellectually organized courses transmit
  culture emphasis placed on mental principle 3
  Rs

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• Progressivism process that continues as long as
  one lives
• Two pervasive philosophies Essentialism and
  Progressivism

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Theories of Education

• Reconstructionism
• Concerned with lifes problems and solutions
  (social, eco., political)
• Perennialism (Private school)
• Truth, eternal, everlasting, and unchanging
  (private school concept)
• High verbal and academic aptitude (testing)
• Emphasis on grammar, rhetoric, logic, classical
  and modern languages the Bible

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• Essentialism (Public school)
• -Seeks to preserve society and adjust
• people to it
• -What has workedstick to it
• -Cognitive/intellectual -neutral discipline (3
  Rs, screen youth
• -Classroom drill, standardized testing (TAAS),
• behavioral objectives

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• Progressivism (Public school)
• Child centered (beginning, middle, end)
• Holistic grading-integrated curriculum-inquiry-exp
  erimentalization
• Learning active/learn by doing
• Cooperative, completion, reflective thinking
• Scientific method
• Gestalt-whole picture-unit planning-perceptual-sel
  f-actualization