PRIMATE Husbandry and Nutrition

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PRIMATE Husbandry and Nutrition

• By Monica Morgado

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Conservation Status

• Total of Species
• 254
• 107 Endangered
• 102 Lower Risk
• 8 Critically Endangered
• 6 Not enough data
• 4 Threatened
• 3 Rare

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Taxonomy of Extant Primates

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates

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-primate/
Prosimians 6 F
New World Primates 2 F
Old World Primates 1 F 2 SF
OWP Lesser Apes 1 F
OWP Great Apes 2 F
Tarsiers 1 F
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Prosimians and Tarsiers
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Prosimians and Tarsiers

• Most primitive of the primates
• Theyre NOT monkeys nor apes
• Nocturnal and sensitive
• Socialized and tropical
• Most are endangered

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Where can Prosimians and Tarsiers be found?
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New World Primates
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New World Primates (Monkeys)
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New World Primates

• Family Callithricidae
• Smaller tamarins and marmosets
• Family Cebidae
• Sakis
• Spider and Woolly
• Owl
• Capuchin
• Howler
• Titi and Squirrel
• Uakaris

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New World Primates

• Live in the neotropical forests
• Central and South America.
• Range vastly in size
• 6 inch pygmy marmoset
• 3 feet howler monkey
• Long tails
• (sometimes prehensile)
• No buttock pads
• No cheek pouches

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Old World Primates(OWP)
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Old World Primates (Monkeys)
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Old World Primates

• Family Cercopithecidae
• Subfamily cercopithecinae
• Macaques
• Baboons
• Mandrills
• Vervet monkeys
• Patas monkeys
• Subfamily Colobinae
• Colobus monkeys
• Langurs
• Leaf monkeys

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Old World Primates

• Live in Africa and Asia.
• Larger than the New World monkeys. They are
  diurnal.
• Longer hind legs than forearms.
• Prominent buttock pads that they can sit on.
• Tails, but not prehensile.

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OWP-Great Apes
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OWP-Great Apes

• They have no tails.
• The face is almost naked.
• Live in complex social groups.
• The arms are longer than the legs.
• Rely mostly on vision and hearing rather than
  smell.

Orangutans
Chimpanzees
Gorillas
Humans
Bonobos
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OWP- Lesser Apes
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OWP-Lesser Apes

• Smaller and more slender forms
• No tail
• Gibbons live in pairs for life.
• Siamangs are
• the largest type of gibbon.

• http//www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/an
  imals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm

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Nonhuman Primates as Pets

• Most common Pet-Primate species
• Squirrel monkey
• Capuchin or organ grinder monkeys
• Spider monkeys
• Marmosets
• Baboons
• Chimpanzees
• Orangutans

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Nonhuman Primates as Pets

• Most Common Reasons People Buy Pet Monkeys
• "They're so cute!!"
• "I wanted an unusual pet.
• "They're so adorable dressed up like people!
• Child substitute

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Require Permit
Partial Ban
Must Be Banded
No Requirements
Ban
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Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must

• Make sure your primate has been bred in the U.S.
  and not imported.
• Center for Disease Control of the United States
  Public Health Service Regulation in 1976
• Realize that monkeys are complex social/emotional
  animals
• "high-care/high-need", "difficult" pets

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Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must

• Know that they are
• Virtually impossible to toilet train
• Can be destructive of property
• Have a high propensity for biting
• As they mature, their behavior becomes less
  predictable

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Nonhuman Primate vs. Newborn Child
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Nonhuman Primate vs. 2yr Old Child
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Nonhuman Primate vs. 5yr Old Child
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Nonhuman Primate vs. 15yr Old Kid
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Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must

• Know that they can have
• different relationships with
• members of a family
• liking the most dominant adult
• picking on weakest or youngest family member
• Monkeys have a life-span of 20-40 years.

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Health Concern Common Diseases

• Nonhuman primates have a high potential for
  carrying zoonotic diseases
• Hepatitis
• Tuberculosis
• Owners should test their pets at least once a
  year.
• Owners should be tested once a year.
• Shigellosis
• Salmonellosis
• Herpes viruses

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Herpes Simplex Viruses

• Herpesvirus simiae (Herpes B)
• Host Macaques
• Rhesus monkeys may develop ulcerations in the
  oral mucosa.

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Herpes Simplex Viruses

• Herpesvirus tamarinus (Herpes T)
• 1ry Host Squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys
• Asymptomatic
• Tamarins, marmosets, owl monkeys, and titi
  monkeys
• Clinical disease
• May develop ulceration in lips, oral mucosa and
  conjunctiva.

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Herpesvirus tamarinus

• Ulcerative dermatitis in a titi monkey

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The Ideal Caretaker (patience.etc.)

• Patience
• Commitment
• Do not over estimate their force for their size.

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Primate Housing

• Have the proper sized housing setups from day
  one.
• Should allow large motor exercise, running and
  leaping.

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Primate Housing

• Cages for display are not usually large enough.
• Cage must be setup with easy, hands-off cleaning
  in mind.

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Primate Housing

• Not recommended
• Kennel crates
• Cat cages
• Bird cages

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Primate Housing

• Primates of different species should not be
  housed together.
• Prevent disease transmission
• Species-specific behaviors
• Interspecies aggression.

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Primate Housing

• A collar or harness should be worn continuously
  around the house.
• Nonhuman primates should be caged while
  unattended.
• Do not allow them to run loose in the home.

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Cage Accessories

• Durable and easy-to-clean materials.
• Special housing needs depending on the primate
• Arboreal
• Nocturnal
• Ranging

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Cage Accessories

• Lighting and climate controls should be on
  automatic.
• 18-17?? C (65-80? F)
• 55-70 Humidity
• Marmosets 70-80

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Toys and enrichment devices
Mop heads strung with pasta and treats knotted
on the ends
Acrylic mirror
Treats out of the cones pylon surprises
Foraging for fallen treats
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Disinfectants

• Cleaning cases, dishes, and toys
• Roccal-D
• Winthrop, New York, NY
• One-Stroke Environ
• Ceva Laboratories, Overland Park, KS

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Nutrition for Old World and New World Primates

• Nutritional deficiencies
• Owners lack of knowledge
• Common protein deficiencies
• high level of fruits and starches
• Many owners feed table foods an not commercial
  biscuits or canned diets.

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Vitamin Deficiency

• Vitamin C
• Supplements needed due to decreased levels in
  diet after 90 days of storage.
• Daily fresh fruits or monkey vitamins
• 1-4 mg/kg of body weight every day
• Causes
• Swelling of long bones and hemorrhaging of the
  gums

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Vitamin Deficiency

• Vitamin D3 (New World Monkeys)
• Supplements needed due to insufficient sunlight.
• 2000 IU per kg every day
• Causes
• Soft bones, bone deformities and multiple
  fractures.

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How much should I feed my primate?

• Consumption of adults
• 3 to 5 of their body weight DAILY
• Waste a lot of food
• Greater quantity should be offered.
• Offer meals 2-3 times a day instead of once
  daily.

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How about treats?

• Commercial food
• 80 to 90 of daily intake
• Treats
• Fresh fruits
• Vegetables
• Commercial treats
• New World monkeys
• Mealworms
• Crickets
• Canned dog food
• Hard broiled eggs

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Water and Fruit Juices

• Water
• Fresh and clean
• Available at all times
• Sipper-tube or valved water system.
• Fruit juices
• Offered occasionally as a treat.

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OVERVIEW

• Do RESEARCH!!
• Check with your state and county for local laws.
• Have the right cage size for your primate.
• Feed the right diet depending on the species
  requirements.

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References

• Horne, William A. Primate Anesthesia. Veterinary
  Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice.
  20014(1) 239-66.
• Johnson-Delaney, Cathy A. Primates. Veterinary
  Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice.
  199424(1)121-56.
• Satterfield, William C. and William R. Voss.
  Nonhuman Primates and the Practitioner.
  Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal
  Practice. 198717(5)1185-202.
• Wallis, Jannette and D. Rick Lee. Primate
  Conservation The Prevention of Disease
  Transmission. International Journal of
  Primatology. 199920(6)803-826.
• Whitney, Robert A. Primate Medicine and
  Husbandry. Symposium on Non-Domestic Pet
  Medicine. Veterinary Clinicis of North America
  Small Animal Practice. 19799(3)429-45.

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QUESTIONS?
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